1. Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 4 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 4 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

2. Key Concepts  Basic ecological principles  Major components of ecosystems  Matter cycles and energy flow  Ecosystem studies  Ecological services

3. The Nature of Ecology  Ecosystem organization  Organisms  Populations  Communities  Ecosystems  Biosphere Fig. 4-2 p. 66

4. The Earth’s Life-Support Systems  Troposphere  Stratosphere  Hydrosphere  Lithosphere  Biosphere Fig. 4-6 p. 68

5. Sustaining Life of Earth  One-way flow of energy  Cycling of matter Fig. 4-7 p. 69

6. The Source of Energy Fig. 4-8 p. 69

7. Ecosystem Concepts and Components  Biomes Fig. 4-9 p. 70  Role of climate  Aquatic life zones

8. Ecosystem Boundaries: Ecotones Fig. 4-10 p. 71

9. Principles of Ecological Factors  Abiotic factors  Biotic factors  Law of tolerance  Limiting factors Fig. 4-14 p. 73; Refer to Fig. 4-13 p. 73

10. The Biotic Components of Ecosystems  Producers (autotrophs)  Photosynthesis  Consumers (heterotrophs)  Aerobic respiration  Decomposers Fig. 4-16 p. 75

11. Trophic Levels  Primary consumer (herbivore)  Secondary consumer (carnivore)  Tertiary consumer  Omnivore  Detritivores and scavengers  Decomposers

12. Biodiversity  Genetic diversity  Species diversity  Ecological diversity  Functional diversity

13. Connections: Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems Fig. 4-18 p. 77; Refer to Fig. 4-19 p. 78  Food chains  Food webs

14. Ecological Pyramids  Pyramid of energy flow  Ecological efficiency  Pyramid of biomass  Pyramid of numbers Fig. 4-20 p. 79

15. Primary Productivity of Ecosystems  Gross primary productivity (GPP)  Net primary productivity (NPP) Fig. 4-25 p. 81

16. Connections: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems  Biogeochemical cycles  Hydrologic cycle (H 2 O)  Atmospheric cycles (C, N)  Sedimentary cycles (P, S)

17. Hydrologic (Water) Cycle Fig. 4-27 p. 83

18. The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial) Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85

19. The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic) Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85

20. The Nitrogen Cycle Fig. 4-29 p. 86

21. The Phosphorus Cycle Fig. 4-30 p. 88

22. The Sulfur Cycle Fig. 4-31 p. 89

23. How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?  Field research  Remote sensing  Geographic information systems (GIS)  Laboratory research  Systems analysis

24. GIS and Systems Analysis Fig. 4-33 p. 91 Fig. 4-32 p. 91

25. Ecosystem Services and Sustainability Fig. 4-34 p. 92