1. A High-Level Model For Software Development
What is involved in the process of designing, writing and maintaining computer programs?
What are some ways that an algorithm can be specified?

2. What Is Computer Science?
Review: Solving problems with the computer

3. A Model For Creating Computer Software
Specify the problem
Determine how to solve the problem
Implement the solution
Maintenance of the solution

4. Specifying The Problem
Determine what problem will be solved by the computer
Verify the problem

5. Determine How To Solve The Problem
Specify the algorithm
Can be done in many ways
e.g., flowcharts, spreadsheets (more to come later in this section of notes)
Implementation independent!
Check the algorithm

6. Implement The Design
Translating the high level algorithm to an actual programming language (e.g., Pascal)
Test the program
This step is covered in the balance of this course (and the next course, CPSC 233)

7. Maintaining The Design
Modify the program according to changing needs and to address problems (software bugs)
Includes the application of techniques for good design (Software Engineering).
Some in CPSC 233 (more in CPSC 333)

8. What You Now Know: A Model For Creating Computer Software
Specify the problem
Determine how to solve the problem (algorithm)
Implement the solution
Maintenance of the solution

9. What Is An Algorithm? The steps needed to solve a problem
Characteristics
Specific
Unambiguous
Language independent

10. Ways Of Specifying The Algorithm
Pseudo-code
Flowcharts

11. Pseudo-Code
Employs 'programming-like' statements to depict the algorithm
No standard format (language independent)

12. Pseudo-Code Statements
Display
Enter
Action
Decision making
Repetition
Statements are carried out in order
Example: Calling up a friend
Look up telephone number
Punch in telephone number
Wait for someone to answer
: :

13. Variables Are used with pseudo-code statements
Symbols (typically an alphabetic string e.g,, x, num, num1) used to store values
The value stored can change during the algorithm

14. Constants Are used with pseudo-code statements
They are values that cannot be changed

15. Display Used to show information General format: Example
Line of text: Display 'Message'
Variable: Display Name of variable
Mixed display: Separate each item to be displayed with a comma
Example
Display 'Available credit limit $', limit

16. Enter Used to get information Information is stored in a variable
General format:
Enter: Name of variable
Example:
Enter userName

17. Pseudo-Code: Action
For computer programs it's usually an assignment statement (sets a variable to some value)
General form:
Variable = arithmetic expression
Example:
x = 2
x = x + 1
a = b * c

18. Pseudo-Code: Decision Making
If-then
General form:
if (condition is met) then
statement(s)
Example:
if temperature < 0 then
wear a jacket
If-then-else
else
statements(s)

19. Pseudo-Code: Decision Making (2)
Example:
if (at work) then
Dress formally
else
Dress casually

20. Pseudo-Code: Decision Making (3)
Types of conditions Symbol
Greater than >
Greater than or equal to ≥
Less than <
Less than or equal to ≤
Equal to =
Not equal to ≠

21. Pseudo-Code: Repetition
repeat-until
while-do

22. Pseudo-Code: Repetition (2)
repeat-until
Repeat at least once (check if condition is met after statement(s))
General form:
repeat
statement(s)
until (condition is met)
Example:
Go up to buffet table
until full

23. Pseudo-Code: Repetition (3)
while-do
Repeat zero or more times (check if condition is met before statement(s))
General form:
while (condition is met) do
statement(s)
Example:
while students ask questions do
Answer questions

24. Pseudo-Code: Fast Food Example
Use pseudo-code to specify the algorithm for a person who ordering food at a fast food restaurant. At the food counter, the person can either order or not order the following items: a burger, fries and a drink. After placing her order the person then goes to the cashier.

25. Pseudo-Code: Fast Food Example
Approach counter
If want burger then
Order burger
If want fries then
Order fries
If want drink then
Order drink
Pay cashier

26. Pseudo-Code: Grade Tabulator Example
Use pseudo-code to specify the algorithm for a grade tabulation program. The program will ask the instructor to enter in a percentage value for each student. Based on this value the program will determine if the student passed the course or not:
If the percentage is 50% or greater then the student passed the course and the message 'Student receives course credit' will appear.
Otherwise, if the percentage is below 50%, then the student failed the course and the message 'Student will not receive course credit' will appear.
As the instructor is entering grades, the program will automatically track the number of students who passed the course and the number of students that did not. The instructor indicates to the program that she has finished entering the grades by entering negative percentage (e.g., -1%) at which time the program displays the total number of students that passed and total that did not pass and it then ends execution.

27. Pseudo-Code: Grade Tabulator Example
pass = 0
fail = 0
Display 'Enter percentage for student (negative percentage to end): '
Enter percentage
While Percentage ≥ 0 do
If (percentage ≥ 50) then
Display 'Student receives course credit'
pass = pass + 1
Else
Display 'Student will not receive course credit'
fail = fail + 1
Display 'Number of students that passed: ', pass
Display 'Number of students that failed: ', fail

28. Summary Of Pseudo-Code Statements
Statement Purpose
Display Display information
Enter Get information
Action Perform an activity (not covered by the other statements)
Decision Choose between different alternatives
Repetition Perform a step multiple times
Variables are used in conjunction with these statements to store information.
Constants may be used to represent a value that does not ever change.

29. Basic Flowchart Elements
Action
Terminator
Input
Output
Off page Connector
Decision
Terminator – start or end of algorithm
Process – an atomic activity
Input – get information
Output –display information
Decision – choose between alternatives
Off page connector – use to connect the different parts of a flowchart if it spans multiple pages
Arrow – indicates the order of the steps in an algorithm
Variables – used to store information c
Arrow
Variables and constants

30. Flowchart: Fast Food Example
Draw a flowchart to outline the algorithm for a person who ordering food at a fast food restaurant. At the food counter, the person can either order or not order the following items: a burger, fries and a drink. After placing her order the person then goes to the cashier.

31. Flowchart: Fast Food Example
Approach
counter
Want
burger?
Order
burger Y N
Want
fries?
Order
fries Y N
Want
Drink?
Order
drink Y N
Pay
cashier

32. Flowchart: Grade Tabulator Example
Use a flowchart to specify the algorithm for a grade tabulation program. The program will ask the instructor to enter in a percentage value for each student. Based on this value the program will determine if the student passed the course or not:
If the percentage is 50% or greater then the student passed the course and the message 'Student receives course credit' will appear.
Otherwise, if the percentage is below 50%, then the student failed the course and the message 'Student will not receive course credit' will appear.
As the instructor is entering grades, the program will automatically track the number of students who passed the course and the number of students that did not. The instructor indicates to the program that she has finished entering the grades by entering negative percentage (e.g., -1%) at which time the program displays the total number of students that passed and total that did not pass and it then ends execution.

33. Flowchart: Grade Tabulator Example
Begin
pass = 0
fail = 0
'Enter percentage for student
(negative to end'): '
Percentage 1

34. Flowchart: Grade Tabulator Example (2)1 6
Percentage ≥ 0? N 2 Y
Percentage ≥ 50? N 3 Y 4

35. Flowchart: Grade Tabulator Example (3)
'Student will not receive course credit'
fail = fail + 1 5

36. Flowchart: Grade Tabulator Example (4)
'Student receives course credit'
pass = pass + 1 5

37. Flowchart: Grade Tabulator Example (5)
'Enter percentage for student
(negative to end'): '
Percentage 6

38. Flowchart: Grade Tabulator Example (6)2
'Number of students that failed: ', fail
'Number of students that passed: ', pass
End

39. Summary What are the major steps involved in creating software
Specification
Design
Implementation
Maintenance
How to layout out an algorithm using flowcharts and pseudo- code
What are the basic elements of algorithms
Input
Output
Decision-Making
Repetition
Action
Variables and constants