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Chapter 2: Algorithm Discovery and Design
Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition Slides added or modified by Shannon Steinfadt, Spring 2005
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Objectives In this chapter, you will learn about:
Representing algorithms Examples of algorithmic problem solving Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Introduction This chapter discusses algorithms and algorithmic problem solving using three problems: Searching lists Finding maxima and minima Matching patterns Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Figure 1.2: Algorithm for Adding Two m-digit Numbers
Given: m ≥ 1 and two positive numbers each containing m digits, am-1 am-2 … a0 and bm-1 bm-2 … b0 Wanted: cm cm-1 cm-2 … c0, where cm cm-1 cm-2 … c0 = (am-1 am-2 … a0) + (bm-1 bm-2 … b0) Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Figure 1.2:Alg. for Adding Two m-digit Numbers (con’t)
Step 1 Set the value of carry to 0. Step 2 Set the value of i to 0. Step 3 While the value of i is less than or equal to m-1, repeat the instructions in steps 4 through 6 Step 4 Add the two digits ai and bi to the current value of carry to get ci. Step 5 If ci ≥ 10, then reset ci to (ci - 10) and reset the value of carry to 1; otherwise, set the new value of carry to 0. Step 6 Add 1 to i, effectively moving one column to the left. Step 7 Set cm to the value of carry. Step 8 Print out the final answer, cm cm-1 cm-2 … c0. Step 9 Stop. Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Representing Algorithms
Natural language Language spoken and written in everyday life Examples: English, Spanish, Arabic, etc. Problems with using natural language for algorithms Verbose Imprecise Relies on context and experiences to give precise meaning to a word or phrase Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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The Addition Algorithm of Figure 1.2 Expressed in Natural Language
Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Representing Algorithms
High-level programming language Examples: C++, Java Problem with using a high-level programming language for algorithms During the initial phases of design, we are forced to deal with detailed language issues Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Figure 2.2 The Beginning of the Addition Algorithm of Figure 1.2 Expressed in a High-Level Programming Language Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Pseudocode English language constructs modeled to look like statements available in most programming languages Steps presented in a structured manner (numbered, indented, etc.) No fixed syntax for most operations is required Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Pseudocode (continued)
Less ambiguous and more readable than natural language Emphasis is on process, not notation Well-understood forms allow logical reasoning about algorithm behavior Can be easily translated into a programming language Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Types of Algorithmic Operations
Sequential Conditional Iterative Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Sequential Operations
3 types of sequential operations: Computation, Input, and Output Computation operations Example Set the value of “variable” to “arithmetic expression” Variable Named storage location that can hold a data value Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Sequential Operations (continued)
Input operations To receive data values from the outside world Example Get a value for r, the radius of the circle Output operations To send results to the outside world for display Print the value of Area Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Algorithm for Computing Average Miles per Gallon
Figure 2.3 Algorithm for Computing Average Miles per Gallon Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Conditional and Iterative Operations
Sequential algorithm Also called straight-line algorithm Executes its instructions in a straight line from top to bottom and then stops Control operations Conditional operations Iterative operations Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Conditional and Iterative Operations (continued)
Conditional operations Ask questions and choose alternative actions based on the answers Example if x is greater than 25 then print x else print x times 100 Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Conditional and Iterative Operations (continued)
Perform “looping” behavior; repeating actions until a continuation condition becomes false Loop The repetition of a block of instructions Real power of computer comes from repeating a calculation many times, not just once Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Conditional and Iterative Operations (continued)
Examples while j > 0 do set s to s + aj set j to j - 1 repeat print ak set k to k + 1 until k > n Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Second Version of the Average Miles per Gallon Algorithm
Start building simple algorithm, make sure it works, then add to it once you are sure it is working correctly. Figure 2.4 Second Version of the Average Miles per Gallon Algorithm Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Conditional and Iterative Operations (continued)
Components of a loop Continuation condition Loop body Infinite loop The continuation condition never becomes false An error Continuation condition: used to control the loop Loop body: block of instructions --> indented for clarity, required in certain languages (Python) Once the body has been executed, evaluate the continutation condition again Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Third Version of the Average Miles per Gallon Algorithm
Again took a working algorithm and added to it. Figure 2.5 Third Version of the Average Miles per Gallon Algorithm Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Conditional and Iterative Operations
Pre-test loop Continuation condition tested at the beginning of each pass through the loop It is possible for the loop body to never be executed While loop Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Conditional and Iterative Operations (continued)
Post-test loop Continuation condition tested at the end of loop body Loop body must be executed at least once Do/While loop Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Summary of Pseudocode Language Instructions
From 3 primitives: computation, I/O, and Iterative statements, any valid algorithm can be represented! Figure 2.6 Summary of Pseudocode Language Instructions Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Example 1: Looking, Looking, Looking
Examples of algorithmic problem solving Sequential search: find a particular value in an unordered collection Find maximum: find the largest value in a collection of data Pattern matching: determine if and where a particular pattern occurs in a piece of text Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Example 1: Looking, Looking, Looking (cont’d)
Task Find a particular person’s name from an unordered list of telephone subscribers Data: Pairs of information (Name, phone number) Name Telephone Number N1 N2 . N10,00 T1 T2 . T10,00 Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Example 1: Looking, Looking, Looking (continued)
Algorithm outline Start with the first entry and check its name, then repeat the process for all entries Algorithm discovery Finding a solution to a given problem Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Example 1: Looking, Looking, Looking (continued)
Naïve sequential search algorithm For each entry, write a separate section of the algorithm that checks for a match Problems Only works for collections of exactly one size Duplicates the same operations over and over Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Example 1: Looking, Looking, Looking (continued)
Correct sequential search algorithm Uses iteration to simplify the task Refers to a value in the list using an index (or pointer) Handles special cases (like a name not found in the collection) Uses the variable Found to exit the iteration as soon as a match is found Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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The Sequential Search Algorithm
Figure 2.9 The Sequential Search Algorithm Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Example 1: Looking, Looking, Looking (continued)
The selection of an algorithm to solve a problem is greatly influenced by the way the data for that problem are organized Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Example 2: Big, Bigger, Biggest
Task Find the largest value from a list of values Formal definition of the problem Given a value n ≥ 1 and a list containing exactly n unique numbers called A1, A2, A3, … , An, find and print out the largest value in the list and the position in the list where that largest value occurred. Go to board, list notes Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Example 2: Big, Bigger, Biggest (continued)
Algorithm outline Keep track of the largest value seen so far (initialized to be the first in the list) Compare each value to the largest seen so far, and keep the larger as the new largest Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Example 2: Big, Bigger, Biggest (continued)
Once an algorithm has been developed, it may itself be used in the construction of other, more complex algorithms Library A collection of useful algorithms An important tool in algorithm design and development Largest so far is used later as a “building block” in a sorting problem. Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Example 2: Big, Bigger, Biggest (continued)
Find Largest algorithm Uses iteration and indices like previous example Updates location and largest so far when needed in the loop Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Algorithm to Find the Largest Value in a List
Figure 2.10 Algorithm to Find the Largest Value in a List Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Example 3: Meeting Your Match
Task Find if and where a pattern string occurs within a longer piece of text Algorithm outline Try each possible location of pattern string in turn At each location, compare pattern characters against string characters Looking for a sequence of nucleotides called a probe, against the entire 3.5 billion charater genome Replacing word in entire document Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Example 3: Meeting Your Match (continued)
Abstraction Separating high-level view from low-level details Key concept in computer science Makes difficult problems intellectually manageable Allows piece-by-piece development of algorithms Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Example 3: Meeting Your Match (continued)
Top-down design When solving a complex problem: Create high-level operations in first draft of an algorithm After drafting the outline of the algorithm, return to the high-level operations and elaborate each one Repeat until all operations are primitives Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Example 3: Meeting Your Match (continued)
Pattern-matching algorithm Contains a loop within a loop External loop iterates through possible locations of matches to pattern Internal loop iterates through corresponding characters of pattern and string to evaluate match Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Final Draft of the Pattern-Matching Algorithm
Figure 2.12 Final Draft of the Pattern-Matching Algorithm Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Summary Algorithm design is a first step in developing an algorithm
Must also: Ensure the algorithm is correct Ensure the algorithm is sufficiently efficient Pseudocode is used to design and represent algorithms Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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Summary Pseudocode is readable, unambiguous, and analyzable
Algorithm design is a creative process; uses multiple drafts and top-down design to develop the best solution Abstraction is a key tool for good design Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
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