1. 1 Berkeley-Helsinki Summer Course Lecture #1: Course Overview Randy H. Katz Computer Science Division Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1776

2. 2 Outline Course Content Technology Trends Evolution of the Internet Business Trends Implications and Issues Summary and Conclusions

3. 3 Outline Course Content Technology Trends Evolution of the Internet Business Trends Implications and Issues Summary and Conclusions

4. 4 What is this Course About? Emerging, yet still developing, view of a new kind of communications-oriented middleware –Rapid development/deployment of new services & apps –Delivered to radically different end devices (phone, computer, info appliance) over diverse access networks (PSTN, LAN, Wireless, Cellular, DSL, Cable, Satellite) –Exploiting Internet-based technology core: clients/server, applications level routers, TCP/IP protocols, Web/XML formats –Beyond traditional “call processing” model: client-proxy- server plus application-level partitioning –Built upon a new business model being driven by the evolution of the Internet: traditional “managed” networks and services versus emerging “overlay” networks and services structured on top of and outside of the above

5. 5 Course Lectures Berkeley, 29-30 May Course Overview Telecomm Service Architecture Middleware Architecture CORBA/OMG UMTS/3GPP IP Mobility Net Measurement & Monitoring Internet Economics Espoo, 9, 11 June IP QoS SLAs and Clearing Houses Context Awareness Introspection & Adaptation Security in Mobile Computing Service Discovery Protocols Content Distribution Protocols Wrap-up Summary

6. 6 Edge/Access Networks “Core” Wide-Area Network Performance Measurement and Monitoring Wide-Area Services: Discovery, Mobility, Trust, Availability Adaptation Services: Introspection, Tacit Information Extraction/Organization Context-Awareness Services: Activity Tracking/Coordination, Preferences Specification/Interpretation Prototype Applications: Universal In-Box, Context-Aware UI, Group Collaboration A Possible Service Architecture

7. 7 Statistics Perf Monitoring Sys Monitoring Billing Data Collection Operator Care Self-Care Provisioning Operational Support Nokia’s mPlatform Architecture Firewall Network Connectivity Process Handling Subscriber Access Control Load Balancing WAP & PDA Proxy Subscriber Authentication Service Access Control Access Functions Audit Manager (Billing) Operator Manager Presentation Manager Security Manager Notification Manager Navigation Manager Scenario Manager Personalization Manager Session Manager Common Enabling Application Functions Application Interface

8. 8 PSTN GSM Pager Access Network Plane ICEBERG Network Plane ISP Plane A B IAP ISP1ISP2ISP3 IAP NY iPOP SF iPOP Clearing House ICEBERG Architecture IAP PR CA PAC APC NMS Name Mapping Service: Maps ICEBERG unique ID  service end point Preference Registry / Personal Activity Coordinator: user profile / user tracking Automatic Path Creation service: creates transcoding datapath between endpoints SF iPOP iPOP: Clustered computing environ. Call Agent: handles signaling, one per device per call party

9. 9 BS One Operator’s Viewpoint Radio Access Network Core Network Transport BS Spectrum QoS Cap Local Radio Access Capacity On-Demand Service Domain Data Center Data Storage Processing Cap Support Systems Services HLR Charging Apps 3 rd Party Apps Content Marketing & Sales Pricing Structure Distribution Packaging Customer Service Billing

10. 10 Outline Course Content Technology Trends Evolution of the Internet Business Trends Implications and Issues Summary and Conclusions

11. 11 Technology Trends Computing –Convergence, Divergence, Scale Networks –Internet vs. Telephone Network –Wireless/Mobile Access Services –E-commerce, M-commerce, Content Architecture –Integrated (“Closed”) vs. Composed (“Open”) Content, Distribution, Access Architecture –Managed vs. Overlay Networks and Services –Competitive vs. Cooperative Service Providers

12. 12 Convergence? Eniac, 1947 Telephone, 1876 Computer + Modem 1957 Early Wireless Phones, 1978 First Color TV Broadcast, 1953 HBO Launched, 1972 Interactive TV, 1990 Handheld Portable Phones, 1990 First PC Altair, 1974 IBM PC, 1981 Apple Mac, 1984 Apple Powerbook, 1990 IBM Thinkpad, 1992 HP Palmtop, 1991 Apple Newton, 1993 Pentium PC, 1993 Red Herring, 10/99

13. 13 Game Consoles Personal Digital Assistants Digital VCRs (TiVo, ReplayTV) Communicators Smart Telephones E-Toys (Furby, Aibo) Divergence! Pentium PC, 1993 Atari Home Pong, 1972 Apple iMac, 1998 Pentium II PC, 1997 Palm VII PDA, 1999 Network Computer, 1996 Free PC, 1999 Sega Dreamcast, 1999 Internet-enabled Smart Phones, 1999 Red Herring, 10/99 Proliferation of diverse end devices and access networks

14. 14 Convergence: Post-PC Not about gadgets or access technologies About services and applications Increasing, not decreasing, diversity Enabled by computing embedded in communications fabric

15. 15 The Shape of Things Now Siemens SL45 –A cellular phone with voice command, voice dialing, intelligent text for short messages –An MP3 player & headset –A digital voice recorder –Supports “Mobile Internet” with a built-in WAP Browser –Can store »45 minutes of music »5 hours of voice notes »“Unlimited” addresses/phone numbers

16. 16 The Shape of Things Now Kyocera QCP 6035 –Palm OS/CDMA –Palm PIM Applications –Supports “Mobile Internet” with a built-in WAP Browser –8 MBytes

17. 17 Societal-Scale Systems “Client” “Server” Clusters Massive Cluster Gigabit Ethernet New System Architectures New Enabled Applications Diverse, Connected, Physical, Virtual, Fluid MEMS BioMonitoring Scalable, Reliable, Secure Services Information Appliances

18. 18 Where is the next “narrow waist”? What is the Internet? “It’s the TCP/IP Protocol Stack” Applications –Web –Email –Video/Audio TCP/IP Access Technologies –Ethernet (LAN) –Wireless (LMDS, WLAN, Cellular) –Cable –ADSL –Satellite TCP/IP Applications Access Technologies “Narrow Waist” Transport Services and Representation Standards Open Data Network Bearer Service Middleware Services Network Technology Substrate

19. 19 Telephony Evolution Mobility/Wireless driving end-to-end digitization of the telephony system –Shift towards IP-based infrastructure (e.g., Motorola + CISCO) Converged Services –AT&T »Cell Phone, Telephone, ISP, Video on Demand (Cable) »Universal Billing Systems –Sprint: $0.05/min local/long distance, wired/wireless Computer-Telephony Integration –Call Centers, Software-based PBXs, PSTN By-Pass –Consumer-to-Business E-commerce (e.g., Lands End) –Speech-Enabled Services (e.g., “Concierge”)

20. 20 Internet vs. Telephone Net Strengths –Intelligence at ends –Decentralized control –Operates over heterogeneous access technologies Weaknesses –No differential service –Variable performance delay –New functions difficult to add since end nodes must be upgraded –No trusted infrastructure Strengths –No end-point intelligence –Heterogeneous devices –Excellent voice performance Weaknesses –Achieves performance by overallocating resources –Difficult to add new services to “Intelligent Network” due to complex call model –Expensive approach for reliability

21. 21 Wireless Access Technologies Broadband Wireless data poised to take off High degree of diversity among access technologies Convergence of consumer and business needs Wireless Communications Consumer Business ResidentialCellular/PCS WPBXMobile DataWLAN — 2nd Gen (GSM, TDMA, CDMA) — 3rd Gen (W-CDMA) — ARDIS — Mobitex — Omnitracs — CDPD, GSM SMS, Edge, GPRS, WAP — NTT I-Mode — Palm VII — 802.11 — HomeRF — BlueTooth — IrDA — HiPerLAN Satellite — DirecTV/PC — Spaceway, Teledesic — Globalstar, JSAT, ICO PMR/SMR — Moto iDen (Nextel) — WLL — LMDS — MMDS — Satellite — HomeRF

22. 22 “Universal Mobile Telecomms Systems” (UMTS) “Mobile Broadband Systems” 60 GHz 100 m range Wireless Local Area Networks Design Space of Terrestrial Wireless Performance Mbps 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Cellular Cordless Wired Office or Room Building Indoors StationaryWalking Outdoors Vehicle

23. 23 Jupiter Communications: “Internet Everywhere” Access Networks: One View (21 million I-Mode users?) Only 15% of personal consumer devices will be able to access Internet within 5 years (embedded micro-browser and e-mail client) –5 years: Internet access remains a niche for mobile access –10 years: Internet access becomes ubiquitous –Placed-based vs. passenger-based vs. personal access BUT 50% of US hotel rooms will have Internet access within 5 years! Situational and time sensitive services will dominate (directions, maps, e-mail, weather information, traffic updates) 2007: 7 million autos equipped with driver information systems

24. 24 Data Applications Source: CTIA Web Page Peter D. Hart Research Associates, March 1997 After basic wireless telephony service Cellular Services Most Often Requested Call Forwarding37% Paging33% Internet/E-Mail24% Traffic/Weather15% Conference Calling13% News3%

25. 25 Back Link Channel (Phone, Cable Line) Back Link Channel (Cellular / PCS Network) Multimedia Data Sources Satellite Broadcast Networks Internet NOC Back Link (Satellite Phone) Media Browser Media Stream Request Characteristics. Broadcast. Bandwidth on-demand. Ubiquitous Satellite Technology

26. 26 Services and Applications: E-Commerce Consumer Services –Consumer-driven QoS: improved Web access “experience” –Converged digital video + web content (e.g., HVML) –Unified billing: pay-per-view movie plus ad-induced pizza purchase –Content delivery: file mover/software upgrades/digital audio/video –Infrastructure storage: back-up, photos, mp3s, videos, TV tapings Consumer-to-Business Services –Web-based + (IP-based) Telephone –New kinds of integrated call centers: e.g., Lands End M-Commerce –Location-sensitive ad insertion –Unified billing for telecom access + purchases

27. 27 Outline Course Content Technology Trends Evolution of the Internet Business Trends Implications and Issues Summary and Conclusions

28. 28 Internet Evolution Web Hosting Multiple ISPs Internet2 Backbone Internet Exchanges Application Hosting ASP: Application Service Provider AIP: Application Infrastructure Provider (e-commerce tookit, etc.) ARPANet SATNet PRNet TCP/IPNSFNetDeregulation & Commercialization 19651975198519952005 WWW ISP ASP AIP

29. 29 Network “Cloud”

30. 30 Regional Net Regional Nets + Backbone Regional Net Regional Net Regional Net Regional Net Regional Net Backbone LAN

31. 31 ISP Backbones + NAPs + ISPs ISP Business ISP Consumer ISP LAN NAP Backbones Dial-up

32. 32 Core Networks Covad Core Networks + Access Networks @home ISP Cingular Sprint AOL LAN NAP Dial-up DSL Always on NAP Cable Head Ends Cell Satellite Fixed Wireless

33. 33 Covad Computers Inside the Core @home ISP Cingular Sprint AOL LAN NAP Dial-up DSL Always on NAP Cable Head Ends Cell Satellite Fixed Wireless

34. 34 Outline Course Content Technology Trends Evolution of the Internet Business Trends Implications and Issues Summary and Conclusions

35. 35 Global Packet Network Internetworking (Connectivity) ISP CLEC Emerging Internet Service Business Model Application-specific Overlay Networks (Multicast Tunnels, Mgmt Svrcs) Applications (Portals, E-Commerce, E-Tainment, Media) Application-specific Servers (Streaming Media, Transformation) ASP Internet Data Centers Appl Infrastructure Services (Distribution, Caching, Searching, Hosting) AIP ISV

36. 36 Application Services Web Site Caching Comparison Shopping Interactive TV Guide Local Ad Insertion Streaming Media A New Kind of Internet Infrastructure Services Terminal Equipment & Access Network PC, Set-top Box. Smart Phone, Game Console, E-toys Server Computing Web Hosting Server “Platform” ISP Caching Search Engine Applications Web, E-mail, Chat, E-commerce, E-tainment Regional Communications ISP Wide-Area Communications High Performance Backbone Customer

37. 37 Content Open vs. Closed Access to Services AT&T Cable @Home Excite Cable, DSL, MMDS, LMDS, Satellite ISP Backbone Provider Portal Web Sites Routing & Distribution Local Network Management Access Time/Warner Roadrunner AOL Dial-up AOL AOL/Netscape Time/Warner Covad DSL CNCX Williams Web Closed end-to-end pipe: optimized performance But companies developing compelling infrastructure technology that any content provider or ISP can adopt Closed system can’t benefit from these

38. 38 Context for Cooperation Among Service Providers Huge Expense of 3G Mobile Telecomms Infrastructures –European spectrum auctions: 50 billion ECU and counting –Capital outlays likely to match spectrum expenses, all before the first ECU of revenue! –Wireless operators in complex web of business relationships and partial ownerships of networks around the world Compelling motivation for collaborative deployment of wireless infrastructure –Happening already several places in Europe & Asia Same for cooperative service infrastructure? –Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) –Internet transport providers vigorously complete –But some cooperation also emerging: Content Dissemination Alliances

39. 39 Any Way to Build a Network? Partitioning of frequencies independent of actual subscriber density –Successful operator oversubscribe resources, while less popular providers retain excess capacity –Different flavor of roaming: among collocated/competing service providing Duplicate antenna sites –Serious problem given community resistance Redundant backhaul networks –Limited economies of scale

40. 40 The Case for Horizontal Architectures “The new rules for success will be to provide one part of the puzzle and to cooperate with other suppliers to create the complete solutions that customers require.... [V]ertical integration breaks down when innovation speeds up. The big telecoms firms that will win back investor confidence soonest will be those with the courage to rip apart their monolithic structure along functional layers, to swap size for speed and to embrace rather than fear disruptive technologies.” The Economist Magazine, 16 December 2000

41. 41 Feasible Alternative: Horizontal Competition vs. Vertical Integration Service Operators “own” the customer, provide “brand”, issue/collect the bills Independent Backhaul Operators Independent Antenna Site Operators Independent Owners of the Spectrum Microscale auctions/leases of network resources Emerging concept of Virtual Operators

42. 42 Internet (Multiservice Provider today) PSTN Network (Multiservice Provider today) Backhaul Network Access Network Backhaul Network Access Network Business as Usual: Vertical Integration Each operator owns own frequencies, cell sites, backhaul network PBMS Sprint

43. 43 Access Network Business Unusual: Horizontal Competition Internet PSTN Network Backhaul Network Access Network Backhaul Network Sprint “leases” frequencies from PBMS, on-demand, based on the density of its subscribers “Mom&Pop” Cell Site Operators

44. 44 Virtual Operator MVNO: Virgin Mobile and One2One in UK –Distinguish based on marketing and billing plan innovations –VM competes for subscribers but uses One2One’s network “Operators without subscribers”: local premises deploy own access infrastructure –Better coverage/more rapid build out of network –Deployments in airports, hotels, conference centers, office buildings, campuses, … Overlay service provider (e.g., PBMS) vs. organizational service provider (e.g., UCB IS&T) –Single bill/settle with service participants Support for confederated/virtual devices –Mini-BS for cellular/data + WLAN for high rate data

45. 45 Outline Course Content Technology Trends Evolution of the Internet Business Trends Implications and Issues Summary and Conclusions

46. 46 What will be the Next Generation of Driving Applications? Location-aware/context-aware information delivery and presentation –Extends UniIn-Box: loc-based, exploits calendar info –Mediation to translate formats IP Telephony, Packet VoD, Teleconferencing –Streaming media, multicast-based –Bandwidth, latency, jitter, lose rate constraints –Clearinghouse provisioning Event Delivery for Distributed Applications –Performance/reliability constrained messaging –Management of Content Delivery Networks, Distributed Service architecture? Interactive Games? Distributed Storage (OceanStore)? Telemetry?

47. 47 What Will Be the Next Generation Operational Environment? Virtual Operators/Service Provider (VOSP) –Provide service to end users with no server/network infrastructure of own –Independent “Path” providers (e.g., ISPs) and Server providers (e.g., Internet Data Centers) –Many-to-many relationship between VOSP and Path/Server Providers Confederated Service Provider –Service-level peering: sharing of paths and servers to deploy end-to-end service with performance and reliability constraints Note: Akamai runs “the world’s largest service network” without owning a network!

48. 48 Alternative Operational Environments Confederation Model –Providers share (limited) information about topology, server location, path performance –Cooperatively collect internal information and share Overlay Model –Reverse-engineer topology and intra-cloud performance –Collection done by brokers outside of the cloud SLAs, Verification, Maintenance of Trust Relationships different in the two models Is there an operational/performance advantage to the Confederation Model?

49. 49 Open Issues/Questions Traditional Overlay Networks –Server (“Application Level Router”) Placement »For scaling, reliability, load balancing, latency »Where? Network topology discovery: WAN Core, Metro/Regional, Access Networks –Choice of Inter-Server “Paths” »For server-to-server latency/bandwidth/loss rate »Predictable/verifiable network performance (intra-ISP SLA) –Redirection Mechanisms »Random, round-robin, load-informed redirection »Net vs. server as bottleneck

50. 50 Open Issues/Questions Performance-constrained Service Placement –Separation of Service, Server, Service Path »Assume “Server Centers” known, can be “discovered” (how does OceanStore deal with this?), or register with a Service Placement Service (SPS) »How is Service named, described, performance constraints expressed, and registered? »How is app/service-specific performance measured and made known to Service Placement Service? –Brokering between Server Centers and Service Creator, Path Provider and Service Creator If core network bandwidth becomes infinite and “free”, does it matter where services are placed? –Latency reduction vs. economies of centralized management

51. 51 Emerging Reference Architecture Path Provider (ISP Cloud) Server Center Provider Perf Measurement Service Service Placement Service SLAsVerify Path BrokerServer Broker Server Registration Advertisement Registration Service Registration Service Redirection Distributed Application Pricing Service Constraint Specification Adapt Marshal Resources Based on Economic Constraints

52. 52 Methodological Framework Problem: performing scaled, wide-area networking studies in the current Internet environment Possible Solution: Wide-area Network Emulation –Virtual WAN (VWAN) on Large-scale Multicomputer Testbeds –Build operational model on top of VWAN »Traffic generation and measurement infrastructure »Build Confederation and Overlay operational models »What part of mechanisms for measurement, negotiation, registration, redirection, etc. the same and which are different?

53. 53 Outline Course Content Technology Trends Evolution of the Internet Business Trends Implications and Issues Summary and Conclusions

54. 54 Challenges for the Post-PC Era Services spanning access networks, to achieve high performance and manage diversity of end devices Not about specific Information Appliances Builds on the New Internet: multiple application- specific “overlay” networks, with new kinds of service-level peering Pervasive support for services within “intelligent” networks –Automatic replication –Document routing to caches –Compression & mirroring –Data transformation

55. 55 Managing Edge Versus Core Services Wide-area bandwidth efficiency Increasing b/w over access networks, but impedance mismatch between core and access nets Fast response time (and more predictable) Opportunity to untegrate localized content Associated with client (actually ISP), not server Examples: –Caching: exploits response time, b/w efficiency, high local b/w –Filtering: form of local content transformation –Internet TV: b/w efficiency, high local b/w, predictable response –Transformation: adapt content for end user/diverse access devices –Software Rental: sxploits high local b/w –Games, chat rooms, ….

56. 56 Yielding a New Research Agenda New Definition of “Quality of Service” –Perceived quality depends on services in the network –Manage caches, redirection, NOT bandwidth –Enable incorporation of localized content Bandwidth Issues –Tier 1 ISP backbones rapidly moving towards OC 192 (9.6 gbs!) –Better interconnection: hops across ASs decreasing over time –Emerging broadband access networks: cable, DSL,... –End-to-end latency/server load dominate performance Supporting Old Services in the New Internet –IP Multicast, DNS, … –Rethinking the End-to-End Principle –Service/content-level peering, just like routing-level peering –Secure end-to-end connection compatible with service model?