1. Praise to be Allah Almighty and peace and blessings be upon him who has been sent as mercy to mankind,and upon his household and companions and upon those who follow upon their footsteps until the Day of Judgment. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ “What do sociolinguists study” Done by Hessah Al -Dayel Supervised by Dr.Wasif Marashdeh

2. What is a sociolinguist? What is a sociolinguist? The difenition of sociolinguists is the study of the relationship between language and society.It is also the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society,including cultural norms,expectations,and context,on the way language is used. The difenition of sociolinguists is the study of the relationship between language and society.It is also the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society,including cultural norms,expectations,and context,on the way language is used.ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ  According to the example -1-, page -1- and example -2-,page -2- The boy talks to his mother in (informal) way by using the word The boy talks to his mother in (informal) way by using the word ( Mum) on the on the othrhand the boy talks to his Principle in (formal ) way by using the word (Good afternoon,sir). So the way people talk is influenced by the social context in which they are talking and we used language to ask for and give people information and express feeling also indicate aspect of our social identity through the way we talk. ( Mum) on the on the othrhand the boy talks to his Principle in (formal ) way by using the word (Good afternoon,sir). So the way people talk is influenced by the social context in which they are talking and we used language to ask for and give people information and express feeling also indicate aspect of our social identity through the way we talk. 1 What do sociolinguists study

3. Moreover,sociolinguists are interested in many field: Moreover,sociolinguists are interested in many field: 1- Interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts and this is exactly what happen in Ex.-1- and -2- when the boy talks to his mother differently(informal) from his principal (formal). 1- Interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts and this is exactly what happen in Ex.-1- and -2- when the boy talks to his mother differently(informal) from his principal (formal). 2-They are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning and that clear through the previous example when the boy uses the word ( Hi ) when he meets his mother while the word (Good afternoon) when he meets his Principal. 2-They are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning and that clear through the previous example when the boy uses the word ( Hi ) when he meets his mother while the word (Good afternoon) when he meets his Principal. 3- Interested in the different types of linguistic variation(Voc-Word choice) used to express and reflect social factors exactly when his mother tells him your grandmother could hear you. 3- Interested in the different types of linguistic variation(Voc-Word choice) used to express and reflect social factors exactly when his mother tells him your grandmother could hear you. To conclude this part we find the previous example, represent the use of language in expressing our feeling or exchanging information but in same time we use it differently in the field of social context it depend on person we talk to and the situation where we are talking and the feeling which passing through the conversation or the dialogs. To conclude this part we find the previous example, represent the use of language in expressing our feeling or exchanging information but in same time we use it differently in the field of social context it depend on person we talk to and the situation where we are talking and the feeling which passing through the conversation or the dialogs. 2

4. Why do we say the same thing in different ways? Why do we say the same thing in different ways? To answer this question we have to be close enough to the relationship between the people in the particular situation and how the speaker feels about the person addressed. For example when somebody talks with his /her friend is different when his/her talks with his/her teacher. To answer this question we have to be close enough to the relationship between the people in the particular situation and how the speaker feels about the person addressed. For example when somebody talks with his /her friend is different when his/her talks with his/her teacher. Will this is closely related to that of prestige or class within the society generly,there is positive prestige associated with the language or dialect of the upper classes,and negative with the language or dialect of the lower classes.The concept of prestige is also closely tied to the idea of the standard language and there are some exceptions to this rule,such as Arabic language.We use the same words but in different tools and this is clear through the varity of different accent language, linguistics style or dialogs. In Qassemy accent, we pronounce the sentence “where are you” as Will this is closely related to that of prestige or class within the society generly,there is positive prestige associated with the language or dialect of the upper classes,and negative with the language or dialect of the lower classes.The concept of prestige is also closely tied to the idea of the standard language and there are some exceptions to this rule,such as Arabic language.We use the same words but in different tools and this is clear through the varity of different accent language, linguistics style or dialogs. In Qassemy accent, we pronounce the sentence “where are you” as وين انت به “ ” While in Jeddah accent, we pronounce it as “ فينك انت While in Jeddah accent, we pronounce it as “ فينك انت and in Riyadh accent, we pronounce it as ““ وينك and in Riyadh accent, we pronounce it as ““ وينك also in Eygept accent,we pronounce it as “ ” انت فين also in Eygept accent,we pronounce it as “ ” انت فين The idea of this part is language provide a variety of the ways of saying the same thing in different ways. 3

5. What are the different ways we say things? What are the different ways we say things? Which means we have to be attention to whom you are talking from which category he/she is, the social context to whom we are taking from what category / how does the geography effect in communication between people in same society.For example, the mother speaks with her child 3 years old she said: “Do want ummy dear”. “Do want ummy dear”. but when she speaks with her child 8 years old she said ; but when she speaks with her child 8 years old she said ; “Do you want to eat my sweat heart “. “Do you want to eat my sweat heart “. So, we notice the vocabulary is different what about the sound ( social contex),syntax,and morphology the following example is quiet clear; So, we notice the vocabulary is different what about the sound ( social contex),syntax,and morphology the following example is quiet clear; * Setting at home * Setting at home We are going to use different utterances (sound between silences ) in same thing the We are going to use different utterances (sound between silences ) in same thing the Indirect question Indirect question Make it as exclimnation Make it as exclimnation Answer Answer4

6. Another example is when the children fight togather from low class and high class they use different words. Another example is when the children fight togather from low class and high class they use different words. Briefly in this part we find how behaviour reflects different socil backgrounds and how do we behave without insulting others and when you communicate with somebody we use different sound,grammer,and vocabulary in different social contexts. Briefly in this part we find how behaviour reflects different socil backgrounds and how do we behave without insulting others and when you communicate with somebody we use different sound,grammer,and vocabulary in different social contexts.ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Social factors dimentions and explanation: Social factors dimentions and explanation: In each examples discussed, we prove the basic component in sociolinguistic explanations of way we do not all speak the same way,and why we do not all speak in the same way all of the time. The social factors is the main effective factor effect to the sociolinguists.For example,when somebody speak with his maneger different when he speaks with his wife, however,the way of speaking is different with his maneger he uses standerd language and formal style while he uses informal style and coloqual language with his wife also the topic with his maneger is more specific than his wife, in addtion the sitting with the maneger is at work while his wife is at home. Social factor relate to the users of language,the participants,the social setting and function of the interaction. Generally in any situation linguistic choices will reflect the influence of one or more of the previous effectives. In each examples discussed, we prove the basic component in sociolinguistic explanations of way we do not all speak the same way,and why we do not all speak in the same way all of the time. The social factors is the main effective factor effect to the sociolinguists.For example,when somebody speak with his maneger different when he speaks with his wife, however,the way of speaking is different with his maneger he uses standerd language and formal style while he uses informal style and coloqual language with his wife also the topic with his maneger is more specific than his wife, in addtion the sitting with the maneger is at work while his wife is at home. Social factor relate to the users of language,the participants,the social setting and function of the interaction. Generally in any situation linguistic choices will reflect the influence of one or more of the previous effectives.5

7. Social dimension: Social dimension: There are four different dimension About the first dimension social distance which effect to the choice of the words.For example,the relationship between a mother and her child and how the mother use a simple words such as in Arabic when the mother asks her child to drink milk instead to say Do you want milk. she said Do you want Nanna. she said Do you want Nanna. 66 Social dimension: Social distance scale Status scale The formality scale The referential and effective function scales

8. Moreover,the second dimension Status scale is also reflect the choice of words,for example; Ahmad is the maneger of Riyadh company Moreover,the second dimension Status scale is also reflect the choice of words,for example; Ahmad is the maneger of Riyadh company * Mr.Ahmad at the work. * Mr.Ahmad at the work. * Ahmad at home also with his friends. * Ahmad at home also with his friends. The thired dimention is the formality scale which is a type of interaction for example, * Friends language * Friends language Low formality Low formality The fourth dimention is the referential and effective scales, return back to E.x.1 page -1- when Ray’s speak with his mother and the kind of words he uses represent both information and his feeling toward his teacher.In contrast,when somebody hear the news by the TV which represent high information content and low affective content which means it does not represent deeply feeling.The following diagram will be more clear. The fourth dimention is the referential and effective scales, return back to E.x.1 page -1- when Ray’s speak with his mother and the kind of words he uses represent both information and his feeling toward his teacher.In contrast,when somebody hear the news by the TV which represent high information content and low affective content which means it does not represent deeply feeling.The following diagram will be more clear.7 Superior High status Subordinate Low status In schoolformal Out sideinformal high formality

9. High information content Low information content High information content Low information content Low affective content High affective content Low affective content High affective content So,the formality scale will be formal (at school / court ) and informal (at home) while the referential and affective function scale either giving information or expressing feelings or emotions. So,the formality scale will be formal (at school / court ) and informal (at home) while the referential and affective function scale either giving information or expressing feelings or emotions. In conclusion we realize the great things that sociolinguistic is the way of how to communicate with others and how to use the language to express ourselves.”it is not important in a language to say what you want to say,but theway you say what you want to say” In conclusion we realize the great things that sociolinguistic is the way of how to communicate with others and how to use the language to express ourselves.”it is not important in a language to say what you want to say,but theway you say what you want to say”. Referential Affective NewsRay’s