1. Satellite Thermal Remote Sensing of Boiling Springs Lake Jeff Pedelty NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Goddard Center for Astrobiology

2. Overview Work in progress Description of sensors –Landsat 7’s ETM+ –TERRA’s ASTER Acquisitions of Boiling Springs Lake Temperature determinations & issues Future aerial thermal remote sensing ASTER: October 19, 2002

3. Landsat 7 ETM+ Landsat 7 launched April 1999 ETM+ is the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus 16-day repeat cycle ~15% duty cycle Conterminous US imaged each overpass –Approximately 10:30AM acquisition Single thermal band (10.4-12.5  ) 60m spatial resolution across 185km area Data purchased from USGS EROS Data Center ($250 for new acquisitions, $600 < 5/31/2003)

4. Landsat 7 acquisitions of BSL Goal was to acquire seasonal sampling at reasonable cost Scan Line Corrector failure in May 2003 introduced luck into acquisition process –Jan 12, 2005 (gap) –Feb 11, 2004 –May 20, 2005 –August 21, 2004 –August 24, 2005 (gap) –October 12, 2002 (free) Thermal: Feb 2004Jan 2005 True Color

5. Landsat atmospheric correction Upwelling thermal emission includes atmospheric contribution and attenuation Requires local meteorology (e.g. NOAA’s National Center Environmental Prediction) + radiative transfer (MODTRAN) L TOA =  T + L u +  (1 -  ) L d http://atmcor.gsfc.nasa.gov is a utility to determine , L u and L d for each acquisitionhttp://atmcor.gsfc.nasa.gov –Barsi (GSFC), Schott (RIT), Hook/Palluconi (JPL) Output is land surface temperature (T) Vicarious calibration campaigns suggest ~1-2K accuracy

6. Landsat Temperature Results Date  L up L down Peak T Feb 20040.910.550.9426 May 20050.811.242.0835 Aug 20040.752.043.3242 Oct 20020.910.641.1035

7. ASTER instrument On EOS TERRA mission (launched 12/99) Joint US / Japan instrument (JPL) “Zoom Lens” of TERRA 15m Vis/NIR, 30m SWIR, 90m Thermal IR –Total of 14 bands, 5 in the thermal infrared <16 day repeat cycle 60km swath Sophisticated multi-band temperature and emissivity retrieval algorithms Extensive vicarious calibration campaigns

8. ASTER’s Spectral Bands

9. ASTER coverage <100% coverage: but 925,661 Scenes observed as of 9 Feb 2005

10. ASTER Acquisitions of Lassen Volcano Monitoring Project (http://www.volcano.si.edu/gvp/volcano/index.htm)

11. ASTER Image Log Archived data free to NASA researchers (W. Turner approval required, NASA HQ) 53 Acquisitions from May 2000 - May 2006 35 Day –15 Clear –18 Cloudy or Hazy 18 Night –At least 9 Cloudy or Hazy Trying to obtain image concurrent w/ VFG mtg.

12. Sample ASTER Images October 19, 2002 Bands 321 False Color BSL Zoom Bands 321 BSL Zoom Temperature

13. ASTER Day Temperatures (Removing 2 hazy dates) Date Within Year Temperature

14. ASTER Day/Night Results Date Within Year Temperature

15. Issues with ASTER Temperatures Spillover to ground? –Point spread function is not rectangular –Peak pixel does not measure just lake. –Lower ground temperatures may be bringing down lake temperatures. Perhaps indicated in night data? Shadowing? –Lower sun angle in winter could result in shadowing of hotter parts of the lake. –Night data indicate this is not a major issue. Other unknown systematic effects?

16. Aerial Thermal Remote Sensing QWIP detector developed at GSFC –Quantum Well Infrared Photoconductor 1024 x 1024 GaAs array 4 bands in thermal IR (T and  retrieval) Investigating aerial (or even hillside) data collection at BSL later this summer/fall Data collection in winter could validate the ASTER/Landsat temperature trends.

17. Sample QWIP Image

18. Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) DOE technology development mission Launched ca 2000 “Point and Shoot” mission, ~10 scenes/day 20m resolution thermal data (~5  m and ~10  m) –Highest resolution thermal imaging from space Operated ~2 years, now in storage on orbit No acquisitions of Lassen/BSL, but Yellowstone data do exist and I have some in hand. –Perhaps of interest to others

19. ASTER Imaging Opportunities ASTER needs to be tasked to take specific images I have requested an allocation with NASA HQ under the name of NAI ViFoG See me if ASTER data would be useful for any upcoming field campaigns.

20. Backup