1. The Solar Solution Matt Martino Mark Bilodeau Senait Gebredingle Taylor Jones Adam Hipp Phil Losie

2. Agenda Introduction Solar Roofs for SLO County Solar Plantation Energy Storage Mass transit Conclusion

3. Melting Pot Approach Our approach is a plan for county wide sustainability! By leveraging existing infrastructure and expanding to current and future technologies we hope to create a comprehensive energy solution for San Luis Obispo County.

4. Agenda Introduction Solar Roof for SLO County Solar Plantation Energy Storage Mass transit Conclusion

5. Solar Roof for SLO County Advantages -Solar energy is free -It needs no fuel -produces no waste or pollution. -Excellent supplement to other renewable sources -Solar energy significantly dropped in price -According to CAR, more than 60% buyers (market for solar cell) Disadvantages Doesn't work at night Very expensive to build Low conversion efficiency (improving)

6. Solar Roof 1. Solar panels convert sunlight instantly into DC electric power 2. Inverter: converts DC power into standard household AC power for use in the home and synchronizes with utility power. 3. Existing electrical panel: distributes solar electricity to load in the house 4. Utility Meter: spins backwards when solar power production exceeds house demand, selling power back to the utility. 1 4 3 2

7. Estimated population in SLO county In 2003 258,204In 2050 500,000 Avg. household size in SLO county = 2.53 = 258,204/2.53 = 102,057 households Average household electricity use in California = 584 KWh/month = 7008 KWh/year SLO County Population http://quickfacts.census.gov

8. Cost Before incentives $4,919 $8,000 $14,758 $24,000 $22,136 $36,000 Electricity Consumption 23% 1,588 kWh 80% 121% 5,657 kWh 8494kWh 121% 8,486 kWh CO2 emissions first year 1,969 lbs 7,015 lbs 10,522 lbs http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/renewable/estimator/index.html Small Medium Large New SunPower product: maximizing yearly energy production solar cells to generate up to 50% more power than traditional products ( www.SunPower.com)

9. Considerations Efficiency increases from 11% - 23% Solar cells generates 50% more power Price remains the same for the first 5 years (decreases by 5% for second installment and 10% there after)

10. Roof Installment System (Buildings) Cost ($Million) Power Saving ($/year) Pay Off (Years) First Installment 2010 2002.95204,000 34.7 Second Installment 2020 20% of new 10,000 200029.52,040,000 Third Installment 2040 40% of new 10,000 400059.14,080,000 Price decreases Second inst. by $ 1.4M (each system $700) Third inst. by $5.9M (each system $1475)

11. Agenda Introduction Solar Roof for SLO County Solar Plantation Energy Storage Mass transit Conclusion

12. The Solar Power Plant

13. No Combustion No “Fuel” No Exhaust “If you have a fixed amount of gas in a fixed volume of space and you raise the temperature of that gas, the pressure will increase.” The Stirling Engine http://travel.howstuffworks.com/stirling-engine3.htm

14. Source of Heat: Solar Concentrator http://www.stirlingenergy.com/products.asp?Type=solar Large Parabolic Concentrator 89 Mirror Facets 2 Axis Sun Tracking

15. Power Conversion Unit (PCU) Four Sealed Cylinders Power Output: 480 V @ 60Hz Power-Conditioned by the Generator’s Interface http://www.stirlingenergy.com/products.asp?Type=solar

16. Comparison to Photovoltaic About 3x More Power per Area! http://www.stirlingenergy.com/products.asp?Type=solar

17. An example site: Carrizo Plains Originally 120 Acre 6 MW Solar Photovoltaic Power Facility With SES Units: approx 36.5 MW on same 120 Acres

18. Cost Current Price: $250k/unit Each Unit Generates 25kW Units needed for Carrizo Plant: 1460 Cost if built today: $365 million BUT Manufacturing is ramping up soon and costs are expected to drop rapidly, Target Production Price: $50k/unit 40 Dish 1MW facility in CA in early 2006 20,000 Dish 500 MW facility in South West next http://www.popsci.com/popsci/science/article/0,20967,1018934,00.html New Cost: $73 million http://www.memagazine.org/pefeb05/runlong/runlong.html

19. Time to Pay Off Time in years to pay off = -log( 1-iA/P) / (log(1+i) i = interest rate =.06 (prime) A = Loan Amount = $73 million P = Payment Amount = profit from selling the energy = (Selling Price – Cost) * Capacity = ($.12 - $.06) per kWh * 82.65E6 kWh = $4.959 million Time = 36.86 years http://oakroadsystems.com/math/loan.htm

20. The Big Plan: Assumptions Cost of producing electricity fixed at $.06/kWh Selling price of electricity constant Cost of manufacturing down $10k/unit/1 st 10yrs, $5k/unit/10yrs after Energy use per capita constant Loan rate constant at 6%

21. The Big Plan Yearly Income After: 2041: $33.966 million 2047: $220.78 million 2053: $373.63 million

22. Agenda Introduction Solar Roof for SLO County Solar Plant Energy Storage Mass transit Conclusion

23. Methods of Power Storage Battery (Lead- Acid, Metal- Air, Polysulfide Bromide) Capacitor Flywheel Compressed-Air Energy Storage (CAES) Hydro Pump Storage

24. Compress -Air Energy Storage (CAES)

25. Hydro Pump Storage

26. Helms Hydro Pump System Fresno,CA 1125-MW underground pumped 1,600 feet elevation difference Project Completed 1982 Cost $380 million

27. Agenda Introduction Solar Roof for SLO County Solar Plantation Energy Storage Mass transit Conclusion

28. SLO County Mass Transit SLO Transit – San Luis Obispo Transit CCAT – Central Coast Area Transit SCAT – South County Area Transit PRCATS – Paso Robles City Area Transit

29. Mass Transit Statistics SLO Transit 11 buses in service (9 diesel & 2 natural gas) 392,462 annual vehicle miles (2003) 4 mpg average fuel economy 98,115 gallons/year CCAT/SCAT 23 buses in service 1,135,676 estimated annual vehicle miles (4 mpg) 283,919 gallons/year PRCATS Estimated 6 buses in service 198,360 annual vehicle miles (2004) 49,590 gallons/year Information provided by National Transit Database (2003)

30. Mass Transit Statistics 40 SLO county buses currently in service 431,624 gallons of diesel/year total consumption for SLO county busing 1,726,498 total SLO county bus miles Alternatives to diesel buses Diesel-Hybrid systems Electric

31. Energy Consumption Economics of Bus Drivelines, Department for Transport, UK

32. Energy Savings Current diesel buses 6 kWh/km/bus 667 MWh annual for all buses Diesel-electric hybrid buses 3 kWh/km/bus 330 MWh annual for all buses All-electric buses 1 kWh/km/bus 110 MWh annual for all buses

33. Energy Cost Analysis Diesel Busing $2.26/gallon at the pump 431,624 gallons/year $975,470/year All-Electric Busing PG&E Rate Analysis Tool A-1 Small General Service Rate ($0.12 to $0.18/kWh) 9200 kWh/month average estimate $16,788/year

34. Current Electric Bus Technology Dept. of Transportation (2003) Successful performance test took place in Rome, NY Electric bus showed 145 mile range under urban conditions Previous range record was 127 miles Further testing set to take place in August, 2004 312 kWh main battery and 22 kWh reserve Information provided by www.electric-fuel.com

35. Current Electric Bus Technology Images courtesy www.electric-fuel.com

36. Conclusion All-electric busing is feasible in SLO county NY has implemented a few all-electric bus routes successfully Considerable energy and financial savings Zero emissions Large initial investment to replace all buses Alternatively, county could replace old diesel buses with electric ones as they expire

37. Agenda Introduction Solar Roof for SLO County Solar Plant Energy Storage Mass transit Conclusion

38. 2050 Power Budget Assuming adequately sized power storage  All generated power is used (minus conversion inefficiencies) Power Plant Generation9.6 Trillion kWh Solar Roof Generation53.3 Million kWh Electric bus system0.110 Million kWh Standard need9.2 Trillion kWh TOTAL0.4 Trillion kWh above need

39. 2050 Financial Summary Total one-time costs: Solar power plant$3,750,000,000 Solar roof units$137,243,200 Electric bus systemUknown All one-time costs paid off by ~2050

40. 2050 Financial Summary Long term benefits Power plant revenue$373,626,000/yr Solar roof savings$6,324,000/yr Electric bus savings (over current diesel fleet) $958,682/yr

41. The Big Plan – A Summary Generation  Phase solar roofing into new construction Reduces the average household need May even supply additional power to the grid  Solar power plants Sterling engine / Parabolic concentrator

42. The Big Plan – A Summary Usage  Large storage solution Aim to retain and use (almost) all generated power  All-electric public transportation vehicles More feasible than trying to affect the direction of the entire auto industry Inherently more efficient and should be better promoted anyway

43. Questions, Comments? Open for discussion