1. Mangrove Ecosystems Presented By : Katrina Aleksa

2. Background Subtropical and Tropical Wetland Utilized as a nursery environment Protect against shoreline erosion

3. Structure Shallow water Extensive Root System Thick Canopy High Nutrients Dark Environment

4. Mollusk Study In The Caribbean Sea Collected One Root from 17 different Mangrove trees Found 5,771 individuals 21 species 17 families (Vilardy and Polania 276)

5. Juvenile Fish Hypotheses 1) Structure and Root System 2) Decrease in Predation 3) Increase in Food Availability Not one, but all make it a productive nursery environment (Laegdsgaard and Johnson)

8. Human Use Aquaculture Agriculture Agriculture Silviculture Silviculture Urban Development Urban Development Extraction of Products Extraction of Products Tannins Tannins Food Food Medicine Medicine Timber Timber Waste Disposal Waste Disposal (Tam and Wong)

9. Destruction 1% of the total mangrove area is being destroyed each year About 50% is already gone Considered one of the most threatened biomes in the world The mangrove trees themselves becoming threatened (Tam and Wong)

10. Destruction Facts 60-70% of mangroves around Thailand and Philippines turned to shrimp farms and are destroyed within 3-5 years 60-70% of mangroves around Thailand and Philippines turned to shrimp farms and are destroyed within 3-5 years China in 1950’s had 42,000 ha, now has 24,115 ha China in 1950’s had 42,000 ha, now has 24,115 ha Hong Kong- Hong Kong- Deep Bay- lost 85% Tolo Harbor- lost 45% (Tam and Wong)

11. Conservation Public Education International Policy to preserve the Mangroves and other wetlands

12. References Cocheret de la Moriniere, E., B.J.A. Pollux, I. Nagelkerken, and G. van der Velde. Post-settlement Life Cycle Migration Patterns and Habitat Preference of Coral Reef Fish that use Seagrass and Mangrove Habitats as Nurseries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 55: 2002. 309-321. Duke, N.C. and A.E. Schwartzbach. Life on the edge: Past and future of mangroves. Wetlands Ecology and Mangement. 9: 2001. 159. Laegdsgaard, Pia and Craig Johnson. Why do juvenile fish utilise mangrove habitats?. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 257: 2001. 229-253. Mitsch, William J. and James G. Gosselink. Wetlands. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY. 2000. Tam, Nora F.Y. and Y.S. Wong. Conservationans sustainable exploitation of mangroves in Hong Kong. Trees. 16: 2002. 224-229. Vilardy, Sandra and Jaime Polania. Mollusc fauna of the mangrove root-fouling community at the Colombian Archipelago of San Andre and Old Providence. Wetlands Ecology and Mangement. 10: 2002. 273-282.