3. Education is concerned with the formal transmission of knowledge.

4. 1.Parental Demand 2.Labor Demand 3.Social Control Demands The dramatic expansion of the U.S. education institution in the 19th century was fueled by three forces.

5. Parents demanded more for their children as literacy was seen as necessary for good citizenship and mobility.

6. Organized labor demanded education as a means of social mobility.

7. Reformers demanded education to control urban children and Americanize immigrants.

8. Six manifest functions of education (1) cultural reproduction (2) social control (3) assimilation (4) training and development (5) selection and allocation (6) promotion of change

9. Five latent functions of compulsory education (1) creation of a generation gap (2) custodial care (3) youth culture (4) rationalization of inequality (5) perpetuation of inequality

12. “Tracking occurs when evaluations made relatively early in a child’s career determine the educational programs the child will be encouraged to follow” (Brinkerhoff, p. 276).

14. “Religion is a system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things that unites believers into a moral community” (Brinkerhoff, p. 282).

15. For sociologists, religion (as with everything else) is a social construction.

16. Marx, as a conflict theorist, felt religion maintained basic inequalities between owners and workers.

17. For Marx, religion maintained inequality in two ways: As an opiate of the masses justifying injustices

18. Durkheim focused on those aspects of religion that helped maintain healthy communities.

19. Three universal aspects of religion (Durkheim) Distinction between sacred and profane set of beliefs about the supernatural set of rituals

20. Max Weber The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

21. Low Tension High Tension Tension between Sacred and Secular Churches Sects

22. “Churches are religious organizations that have become institutionalized” (Brinkerhoff, p. 289).

23. “Sects are religious organizations that reject the social environment in which they exist” (Brinkerhoff, p. 290).

24. “A cult is a sect that is independent of and often in conflict with the religious traditions of society” (Brinkerhoff, p. 291).

25. “Civil religion is the set of institutionalized rituals, beliefs, and symbols sacred to the U.S. nation” (Brinkerhoff, p. 294).