1. Chapter 17 Mixed Method Designs
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

2. Key Ideas Brief history of mixed method research
Notation system for mixed method research
Identifying a mixed method study
Mixed method designs
Strengths and weaknesses of mixed methods
Steps in conducting a mixed method study
Criteria for evaluating a mixed method study
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

3. A Brief History of Mixed Method Research
Late 1950’s initial interest in mixing various forms of quantitative data collection
1970’s to present expansion of forms to include both quantitative and qualitative data
Mid 1980’s to present question of mixing worldviews and methods
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

4. A Brief History of Mixed Method Research
Late 1980’s to present rise of interest in procedures
Late 1990’s to present advocacy for distinct mixed method design
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

5. Identifying Mixed Method Research: Questions
Is the evidence in the title?
Is there evidence in the data collection section?
Is there evidence in the purpose section or research questions?
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

6. Questions for Determining the Types of Mixed Method Design
What priority or weight does the researcher give to the quantitative and qualitative data collection?
What is the sequence of collecting quantitative and qualitative data?
How does the researcher actually analyze the data?
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

7. Notation System for Mixed Method Study
Study #1 QUAL QUAN
Study #2 QUAN qual
Notation Used:
+ indicates the simultaneous or concurrent collection
of quantitative and qualitative data.
Shows sequential collection of
quantitative and qualitative data
Uppercase letters indicate a priority or increased
weight for either quantitative and qualitative data.
Lowercase letters indicate a lower priority or weight
for either quantitative or qualitative data
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

8. Mixed Method Designs: Triangulation Design
Researcher gives priority to both quantitative (QUAN) and qualitative (QUAL) data
Researcher collects both quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously
Researcher compares the results from quantitative and qualitative analysis to determine if the two data bases yield similar or dissimilar results
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

9. Mixed Method Designs: Explanatory Design
Researcher places priority on quantitative (QUAN) data collection and analysis
Research collects quantitative data first in the sequence
Researcher uses the qualitative data to refine the results of the quantitative data
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10. Mixed Method Designs: Exploratory Design
Research emphasizes qualitative (QUAL) data rather than quantitative (quan) data
Researcher has a sequence to data collection that involves collecting quantitative data followed by qualitative data
Researcher plans on the quantitative data to build on or explain the initial qualitative findings
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

11. Types of Mixed Method Designs
I. Triangulation Mixed Method Design
QUAN
Data and Results +
QUAL
Data and Results
Interpretation
II. Explanatory Mixed Method Design
QUAN
Data and Results
qual
Data and Results
Follow-up
III. Exploratory Mixed Method Design
QUAN
Data and Results
quant
Data and Results
Building
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

12. Strengths and Weaknesses of Mixed Method Research
Helps to provide a complete picture of a research problem
It is a means to incorporate qualitative data into a qualitative study
Weaknesses
Training is required in both quantitative and qualitative research methods
Greater cost of time and money
Not all audiences are open to mixed method studies
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

13. Key Characteristics of Mixed Method Design
Researcher justifies why both qualitative and quantitative data are being collected
Both qualitative and quantitative data are collected
Information about the priority being given to qualitative and quantitative data is noted
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

14. Key Characteristics of Mixed Method Design
Information about the sequencing of the quantitative and qualitative data collection is noted
Analysis of the data is shaped by a particular mixed method design
The study contains a visual picture that portrays the procedures of the design
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

15. Steps in Conducting a Mixed Method Study
Determine if a mixed method study is feasible
Identify a rationale for mixing methods
Identify a data collection strategy
Develop both quantitative and qualitative questions
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

16. Steps in Conducting a Mixed Method Study
Collect both quantitative and qualitative data
Analyze data separately or concurrently
Write the report as a one- or two- phase study
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

17. Steps of Conducting a Mixed Methods Study
Develop quantitative
and qualitative research
questions
Collect quantitative
and quantitative data
Step 4
Step 5
Identify the data
collection strategy and
type of design
Priority
Sequence
Visualization
Step 3
Analyze data
separately or
concurrently
Step 6
Identify a Rationale
for a Mixed Method
Study
Determine if a Mixed
Method Study is
Feasible
Write the report as a
One- or Two- Phase
Study
Step 2
Step 1
Step 7
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

18. Criteria for Evaluating a Mixed Method Study
Does the study employ at least one quantitative method and one qualitative method?
Is is called a mixed method (or a similar term) study?
Is there a rationale for why the author intends to mix the methods in a single study and what will be gained in the process?
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

19. Criteria for Evaluating a Mixed Method Study
Does the author indicate the type of mixed method study being presented? Alternatively, can you identify the type from reading the rationale or from a visual figure depicting the flow of the data collection activities?
Does the author mention the priority given to quantitative and qualitative data and the sequence of their use in the study?
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

20. Criteria for Evaluating a Mixed Method Study
Is the study feasible, given the data to be collected given the amount of money, time and expertise required?
Have research questions been written for both quantitative and qualitative methods in the study?
Have quantitative and qualitative data collection procedures been clearly identified?
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

21. Criteria for Evaluating a Mixed Method Study
Is the procedures for data analysis consistent with the type of mixed method study being presented?
Is the written structure if the study consistent with the type of mixed method study being presented?
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

22. Applying What you Have Learned: Mixed Method Study
Review the article and look for the following:
The research problem and use of quantitative research
Use of the literature
The purpose statement and research hypothesis
Types and procedures of data collection
Types and procedures of data analysis and interpretation
The overall report structure
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

23. Action Research Designs
Chapter 18
Action Research Designs
Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.