1. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Chapter 9 Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation

2. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Key Ideas 4 Prepare and organize the data for analysis 4 Explore the data 4 Describe and develop the themes from the data 4 Represent and report the findings 4 Interpret the findings 4 Validate the accuracy and credibility of the findings

3. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 3 The Qualitative Process of Data Analysis Codes the Text for Description to be Used in the Research Report Codes the Text for Description to be Used in the Research Report The Researcher Codes the Data (i.e., locates text segments and assigns a code to label them) The Researcher Prepares Data for analysis ( e.g., transcribes fieldnotes) The Researcher Collects Data (i.e., a text file, such as fieldnotes, transcriptions, optically scanned material) The Researcher Reads Through Data ( i.e., obtains general sense of material) Simultaneous Interactive

4. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Prepare and Organize the Data 4 Develop a matrix or table of sources that can be used to organize the material 4 Organize material by type 4 Keep duplicate copies of materials 4 Transcribe data 4 Prepare data for hand or computer analysis

5. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Explore Data 4 Obtain a general sense of the data by performing a preliminary exploratory analysis 4 Memo ideas 4 Think about the organization of the data 4 Consider whether more data are needed

6. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 6 A Visual Model of the Coding Process in Qualitative Research Reduce Codes to 5-7 Themes Initially read through data Divide text into segments of information Label segments of information with codes Reduce Overlap and redundancy of codes Collapse codes into themes Many Pages of Text Many Segments of Text 30-40 codes Codes reduced to 20

7. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Describe the Setting and Develop Themes 4 Themes address the major research questions 4 Procedures –Code text (or image) data –Develop a description from the data –Define themes from the data –Connect and interpret themes

8. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Report and Represent Finding: Constructing Narratives 4 Identify dialogue that supports themes 4 Look for dialogue in the participants’ native language 4 Use metaphors and analogies

9. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Report and Represent Finding: Constructing Narratives 4 Collect quotes 4 Identify vivid data that describes an individual, event, or activity 4 Identify tensions and contradictions in individual experiences

10. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Report and Represent Finding: Providing Visual Data Displays 4 Create a visual image of the information in a “comparison” table 4 Depict physical layout of the setting 4 Describe personal or demographic information for each person or site

11. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Interpret Findings 4 Interpretation is not neutral 4 Personally reflect about the meaning of the data 4 Compare and contrast personal viewpoints with the literature 4 Address limitations of the study 4 Make suggestions for future research

12. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Validating the Accuracy of the Findings 4 Member checking: Members check the accuracy of the account 4 Triangulation: Using corroborating evidence 4 External: Hiring the services of an individual outside the study to review the study