3. Democracy Rule by the people Rule by the people Civil Rights Civil Rights Representative democracy Representative democracy Capitalism – private business, no government ownership, free market Capitalism – private business, no government ownership, free market Rule of Law Rule of Law

4. Canada and USA, 1930s Mired in a Depression Mired in a Depression High Unemployment High Unemployment Poverty Poverty Hunger Hunger Was capitalism failing?! Was democracy in Danger?!

5. No! Democracy was kept safe here... in other parts of the world… But

6. Contestant #1 I am a womanizer, have self-interested policies and unfortunately suffer from ailing health. Contestant #2 I have a drinking habit and a defiant tongue or attitude Contestant #3 I am a decorated war hero, do not drink and want to create a stable economy

7. Contestant #3 Contestant #2 Contestant #1 Franklin Delano Roosevelt Winston Churchill Adolf Hitler

8. Treaty of Versailles Black Tuesday 1929 - stock market crashes Great Depression during 1930s Increasing influence of new political parties that emphasize state control - For example: Communism, Nazism, Fascism Total Control of State by a Dictator Rise of Totalitarianism

9. Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state (political, military, economy, social, cultural) Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state (political, military, economy, social, cultural) Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms) Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms) Strict controls and laws Strict controls and laws Military state (secret police, army, military) Military state (secret police, army, military) Censorship (opposing literature and ideas) Censorship (opposing literature and ideas) Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters) Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters) One leader (dictator); charismatic One leader (dictator); charismatic Total conformity of people to ideas and leader Total conformity of people to ideas and leader Terror and Fear Terror and Fear

10. Nazism FascismCommunism *These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism, are completely different theories that are bitterly opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour Totalitarianism

11. Dictators Dictatorship – one ruler with complete absolute power, not limited by law, opposition suppressed Dictatorship – one ruler with complete absolute power, not limited by law, opposition suppressed Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union Benito Mussolini – Italy Benito Mussolini – Italy Adolf Hitler – Germany Adolf Hitler – Germany Hideki Tojo - Japan Hideki Tojo - Japan Francisco Franco – Spain Francisco Franco – Spain Dictators of the 1930s

12. Joseph Stalin: leader of the Soviet Union from 1922-1953 What is Communism? LEFT WING based on theory by Karl Marx revolutionary idea of a political, economic and social system that creates a “classless society” state ownership and control of the means of production (no private ownership) Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”, was more of a totalitarian and military state combined with elements of communism

13. Benito Mussolini: leader (Il Duce) of Italy from 1922 to 1943 What is Fascism? RIGHT WING intense nationalism and elitism totalitarian control interests of the state more important than individual rights No individual liberty maintain class system and private ownership Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax

14. Adolf Hitler: leader (der Fuhrer) or dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945 What is Nazism? extremely fascist, nationalistic and totalitarian based on beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan, the “master race” belief that all Germans should have “lebensraum” or living space in Europe Violent hatred towards Jews and blamed Germany’s problems on them

15. Japan Militarism Militarism War is main policy of government War is main policy of government Use of force to reach goals Use of force to reach goals Strong Army Strong Army Emperor Hirohito Rising Sun Japanese Imperial Flag

16. Hideki Tojo Preached virtues of territorial expansion Preached virtues of territorial expansion Needed to conquer – gain more land Needed to conquer – gain more land Japan poor in natural resources Japan poor in natural resources Claimed Japan’s destiny was to drive out the western colonial powers and rule all of Asia Claimed Japan’s destiny was to drive out the western colonial powers and rule all of Asia Censored media and demanded total obedience Censored media and demanded total obedience

17. Spain Spanish Civil War, 1936 Spanish Civil War, 1936 Francisco Franco vs. Republic Government Francisco Franco vs. Republic Government Spain the place to stop the rise of Fascism? Spain the place to stop the rise of Fascism? Democracies looked the other way, remained neutral (U.S., Britain, France) Democracies looked the other way, remained neutral (U.S., Britain, France) Hitler aided Franco, tested out strategies/weapons for future conflicts in his quest to enlarge Germany Hitler aided Franco, tested out strategies/weapons for future conflicts in his quest to enlarge Germany Francisco Franco Falange

18. Was the Rise of Fascism stopped? No! No! Franco won, Spain became Fascist, too Franco won, Spain became Fascist, too If U.S., Britain, France would have aided Spain, would that have stopped the rise of fascism and slowed Hitler? If U.S., Britain, France would have aided Spain, would that have stopped the rise of fascism and slowed Hitler? Or would WWII have started then instead of 3 years later? Or would WWII have started then instead of 3 years later?

19. Totalitarian Governments Test the League of Nations In 1935 Italy invaded the East African nation of Ethiopia. In 1935 Italy invaded the East African nation of Ethiopia. Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie asked the League of Nations for help. However, the international community unwilling to take a stand against aggression. Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie asked the League of Nations for help. However, the international community unwilling to take a stand against aggression. Japan/ Manchuria Without government approval, some Japanese generals invaded Chinese province of Manchuria to gain land/resources for Japan. Without government approval, some Japanese generals invaded Chinese province of Manchuria to gain land/resources for Japan. This demonstrated the weakness of the Japanese government and the strength of Japanese nationalists. This demonstrated the weakness of the Japanese government and the strength of Japanese nationalists. The League of Nations did nothing to stop them The League of Nations did nothing to stop them Italy/ Ethiopia Conflict between Communists and the Fascists and Nationalists led to civil war in 1936. Conflict between Communists and the Fascists and Nationalists led to civil war in 1936. Other countries in Europe and North America helped one side or the other during this conflict. Franco’s Nationalists won. Other countries in Europe and North America helped one side or the other during this conflict. Franco’s Nationalists won. Spanish Civil War The League of Nations failed early tests of its strength!

20. Why War Again?? Beginning in early 1930s, Germany, Italy and Japan all began campaigns to acquire territory Beginning in early 1930s, Germany, Italy and Japan all began campaigns to acquire territory They fought the effects of depression in their countries by encouraging military buildup They fought the effects of depression in their countries by encouraging military buildup Other nations, tired of war and weakened by depression were reluctant to stop them Other nations, tired of war and weakened by depression were reluctant to stop them

22. GESTAPO: the Secret State Police GESTAPO: the Secret State Police SS (Schutzstaffel): Defense Corps “black shirts”, an elite guard unit formed out of the SA SA (Sturmabteilung): Stormtroopers "brown-shirts" early private Nazi army that protected leaders and opposed rival political parties SA (Sturmabteilung): Stormtroopers "brown-shirts" early private Nazi army that protected leaders and opposed rival political parties Lebensraum (living space): concept that emphasized need for territorial expansion of Germany into east Lebensraum (living space): concept that emphasized need for territorial expansion of Germany into east Wehrmacht : German army Wehrmacht : German army HJ (Hitler Jugend): Hitler Youth HJ (Hitler Jugend): Hitler Youth Einstazgruppen : Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing units Einstazgruppen : Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing units Volk: all inclusive concept of nation, people and race, implying the superiority of German culture and race; led to policy of Volksgemeinschaft (idea of a harmonized racial Nazi community in government policies and programs) Volk: all inclusive concept of nation, people and race, implying the superiority of German culture and race; led to policy of Volksgemeinschaft (idea of a harmonized racial Nazi community in government policies and programs)

27. This Nazi propaganda poster reads, ‘Behind the enemy powers: the Jew. “The Eternal Jew” Depiction of a Jew holding gold coins in one hand and a whip in the other. Under his arm is a map of the world, with the imprint of the hammer and sickle. Posters like this promoted a sharp rise in anti-Semitic feelings, and in some cases violence against the Jewish community.

29. Policy of Appeasement Appeasement willingness to surrender to a bully’s demands willingness to surrender to a bully’s demands Acceptance that Hitler could not be stopped and needed to be negotiated with (even at the expense of the smaller independent countries) Acceptance that Hitler could not be stopped and needed to be negotiated with (even at the expense of the smaller independent countries) Appeasement – reduction of international tensions through removal of causes of friction; concessions to disgruntled nations to lessen their tendency to take aggressive actions Appeasement – reduction of international tensions through removal of causes of friction; concessions to disgruntled nations to lessen their tendency to take aggressive actions Accepted because of sympathy and guilt felt by Britain and USA of unjust Treaty of Versailles Accepted because of sympathy and guilt felt by Britain and USA of unjust Treaty of VersaillesRealities Blindness to true nature of Hitler’s agenda program for Eastern Europe Blindness to true nature of Hitler’s agenda program for Eastern Europe Positive and Negatives Reasons for appeasement? Positive and Negatives Reasons for appeasement?