1. 7. INFORMATION SYSTEMS SOFTWARE
7.1

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES DESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF SOFTWARE
EXAMINE SYSTEM SOFTWARE & OPERATING SYSTEMS
EXPLAIN SOFTWARE EVOLUTION
ANALYZE MAJOR APPLICATION LANGUAGES
DESCRIBE APPROACHES TO SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
IDENTIFY SOFTWARE ISSUES *
7.2

3. SOFTWARE DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER OPERATION
PROGRAM: SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMPUTER
STORED: PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGE
SYSTEM SOFTWARE: MANAGES COMPUTER RESOURCES
APPLICATION SOFTWARE: SPECIFIC BUSINESS APPLICATION *
7.3

4. SOFTWARE 7.4 OPERATING SYSTEM:
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
OPERATING SYSTEM:
SCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS
LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:
INTERPRETERS COMPILERS
UTILITY PROGRAMS:
ROUTINE OPERATIONS MANAGE DATA
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; COBOL; PL / 1; QBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++; “FOURTH GENERATION” LANGUAGES
7.4

5. OPERATING SYSTEM MANAGES & CONTROLS ACTIVITIES ALLOCATION & ASSIGNMENT
SCHEDULING
MONITORING
SYSTEM RESIDENCE DEVICE: SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE STORING OPERATING SYSTEM *
7.5

6. TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEM
MULTIPROGRAMMING
TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEM
OPERATING SYSTEM
UNUSED MEMORY
PROGRAM 1
PROGRAM 2
PROGRAM 3
MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT
OPERATING SYSTEM
UNUSED MEMORY
PROGRAM 1
7.6

7. MULTITASKING MULTIPROGRAMMING ON A SINGLE-USER SYSTEM SUCH AS A
MICROCOMPUTER *
7.7

8. VIRTUAL STORAGE
METHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL PROGRAMS IN PRIMARY STORAGE:
PROGRAM DIVIDED INTO
FIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) OR
VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS)
CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY STORAGE
PORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONE *
7.8

9. TIME SHARING MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU:
TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2 MILLISECONDS)
EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING SLICE
SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING TIME SLICE
USER’S JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF SLICE *
7.9

10. MULTIPROCESSING TWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEM
PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUs
CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLY *
7.10

11. LANGUAGE TRANSLATION SOURCE CODE: HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS
COMPILER: TRANSLATES HIGH-LEVEL CODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE
OBJECT CODE: TRANSLATED INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR COMPUTER *
7.11

12. OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULES
SOURCE CODE PROGRAM
COMPILER
OBJECT CODE
LINKAGE EDITOR
LOAD MODULE
TRANSLATION PROCESS
OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULES
7.12

13. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)
OPERATING SYSTEM USES:
GRAPHIC ICONS (Icons, Buttons, Bars, Boxes)
MOUSE
TO ISSUE COMMANDS
MAKE SELECTIONS *
7.13

14. MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS
FEATURES
Windows 98 & 95
32-bit operating system; GUI; Multitasking.
Networking
Windows NT & 2000
32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips.
Multitasking; Multiprocessing; Networking
Windows CE
Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devices
OS/2
32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking;
Networking
7.14

15. MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS
FEATURES
UNIX
For powerful Microcomputers, Workstations,
Minicomputers. Multitasking; Multi-user Processing; Networking. Portable to various Computer Platforms
Mac OS
For Macintosh computers. Multitasking.
Powerful Graphics; Multimedia
For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS).
Program Memory: 640K
DOS
7.15

16. GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE: binary code
2nd. Since early ’50s. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: mnemonics for numeric code
3rd. Since mid ‘50s. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
4th. Since late ‘70s. MODERN APPLICATION PACKAGES *
7.16

17. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator). Scientific, Engineering applications
COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language). Predominant for Transaction Processing
BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). General Purpose PC Language *
7.17

18. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
PASCAL. Used to Teach Structured Programming Practices. Weak in File Handling, Input / Output
C and C++. Powerful PC Language for Developing Applications. Efficient Execution; Cross Platform
PL/1 (Programming Language 1). Powerful IBM Language for Business & Science
ADA. Designed for Weapon Systems. Can be used on many Platforms. Structured. Can be used for Business *
7.18

19. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LANGUAGES
LISP (LISt Processor). Began late ‘50s at MIT. Preferred in US. Require Specially Configured Machines
PROLOG. Began in early ‘70s. Preferred outside US. Cross Platform
CREATE MEANINGFUL LISTS OF SYMBOLS (Operations; Variables; Data) *
7.19

20. FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)
CAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERS
NONPROCEDURAL
CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLY
NATURAL LANGUAGES
SIX CATEGORIES *
7.20

21. FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)
1. QUERY LANGUAGES:
rapidly retrieve data
interactive/ on-line
may use NATURAL LANGUAGE
support special requests for data from relational databases *
7.21

22. FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)
2. REPORT GENERATORS:
create customized reports
wide range of formats
3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES:
can manipulate drawings, graphs, photos, videos
presentation managers *
7.22

23. FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)
4. APPLICATION GENERATORS:
user specifies computer needs
generator creates logic and code for application
greatly reduces development time *
7.23

24. FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)
5. VERY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:
professional programmer productivity tool
uses fewer instructions
reduces development time *
7.24

25. FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)
7. SOFTWARE PACKAGE: commercially available set of programs...
WORD PROCESSING
SPREADSHEETS
DATA MANAGEMENT
PRESENTATION MANAGEMENT
INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES NOW COMBINE THESE TO SIMPLIFY LEARNING AND USE *
7.25

26. SOFTWARE TOOLS WORD PROCESSING SPREADSHEETS DATA MANAGEMENT
PRESENTATION GRAPHICS
INTEGRATED SOFTWARE SUITES
WEB BROWSERS
GROUPWARE *
7.26

27. GROUPWARE CAPABILITIES
GROUP WRITING & COMMENTING
ELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTION
SCHEDULING MEETINGS, APPOINTMENTS
SHARED FILES & DATABASES
SHARED TIMELINES, PLANS
ELECTRONIC MEETINGS & CONFERENCES *
7.27

28. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
COMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A SINGLE OBJECT
PROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDURE
OBJECT’S DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OF SYSTEM
CREATES REUSABLE CODE
REDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING SOFTWARE *
7.28

29. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
VISUAL PROGRAMMING: SELECT AND ARRANGE OBJECTS RATHER THAN WRITE CODE
CLASS: ALL OBJECTS OF A CLASS HAVE ALL FEATURES OF THAT CLASS
INHERITANCE: SPECIFIC CLASS RECEIVES FEATURES OF A MORE GENERAL CLASS
OVERRIDE: SUBCLASS MAY OVEERRIDE INHERITED METHOD (e.g.: Printout of an HOURLY worker Pay Check may differ from that of a WEEKLY worker *
7.29

30. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
JAVA: Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
APPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTION
APPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORK
RUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEM
RESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PC
ONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS UPGRADE *
7.30

31. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
ActiveX: CONTROLS FOR WINDOWS SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT to enable OBJECTS: e.g.,
CHARTS
TABLES
ANIMATIONS
to be EMBEDDED IN A WEB PAGE *
7.31

32. Connect to the INTERNET
PRESS LEFT MOUSE BUTTON ON ICON TO CONNECT TO THE LAUDON & LAUDON WEB SITE FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THIS CHAPTER
7.32

33. 7. INFORMATION SYSTEMS SOFTWARE
7.33