1. THE SOCIAL INSTITUTION THAT DISTRIBUTES POWER, SETS A SOCIETY’S AGENDA, AND MAKES DECISIONS1 1 1 1

2. AUTHORITY POWER THAT PEOPLE PERCEIVE AS LEGITIMATE, NOT COERCIVE
TRADITIONAL
LEGITIMIZED THROUGH TRADITION
RATIONAL-LEGAL
LEGITIMIZED THROUGH LAW
CHARISMATIC
LEGITIMIZED THROUGH PERSONALITY 3 3 3

3. HUNTING AND GATHERING AGRARIAN SOCIETIES POLITICAL STATES
LIKE FAMILY: SPECIALIZED ROLES
AGRARIAN SOCIETIES
SMALL ELITE GAINING POWER
POLITICAL STATES
RESTRICTED GOVERNING
MODERN NATION-STATES
MODERN TECHNOLOGY BROUGHT ABOUT LARGER-SCALE POLITICAL SYSTEMS REFERRED TO AS NATION-STATES 4 4 4

4. THE MONARCHY RULE BY A SINGLE FAMILY OVER GENERATIONS
TYPICAL OF AGRARIAN SOCIETIES
MODERN EXAMPLE: BRITAIN
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
RULERS MONOPOLIZING POWER
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHIES
MODERN-DAY MONARCHIES
MORE FIGURE HEAD THAN RULER
POLITICAL PRINCIPLES RULE
ELECTED OFFICIAL ACTUALLY RULES 5 5 5

5. POWER IS EXERCISED BY PEOPLE AS A WHOLE
THE POWER OF
THE BALLOT
BOX ENSURES
SOME AMOUNT
OF INDIVIDUAL
PARTICIPATION!
REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
AUTHORITY IN HANDS OF ELECTED OFFICIALS
RATIONAL-LEGAL REASONING HAS TIES TO DEMOCRACIES
USE OF EXTENSIVE BUREAUCRACIES
EXTENSIVE USE OF NEVER ELECTED PETTY BUREAUCRATS 6 6 6

6. AUTHORITARIANISM DENIES POPULAR PARTICIPATION IN GOVERNMENT
ABSOLUTE MONARCIES
HEAVY CONTROL
LITTLE OR NO VOICE IN GOVERNMENT FOR MOST PEOPLE
GOVERNMENT IS OFTEN INDIFFERENT TO PEOPLE’S NEEDS
GOVERNMENT HAS NO LEGAL PROCESS TO REMOVE LEADERSHIP
EXAMPLES: SAUDI ARABIA AND KUWAIT
“SOFT AUTHORITARIANISM”
HEAVY-HANDED GOVERNMENT OFFERING A “GOOD LIFE” TO PEOPLE (Singapore) 7 7 7

7. EXTENSIVE REGULATION OF PEOPLE’S LIVES
WALLS CAN BE BUILT
TO KEEP PEOPLE IN, AS
WELL AS TO PROTECT
THEM FROM EXTERNAL INFLUENCES.
EXTENSIVE REGULATION OF PEOPLE’S LIVES
CLOSE MONITORING OF PEOPLE
MASSIVE AND PROTECTED EFFORTS TO COLLECT HUGE AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION ON POPULACE
PEOPLE ARE EXPECTED TO ADHERE TO GOVERNMENT WISHES AND ARE DENIED BASIC AND HUMAN RIGHTS
GOVERNMENT INDOCTRINATION BEGINS AT AN EARLY AGE 8 8 8

8. POLITICS IN AMERICA CONCERNS AND ISSUES
CULTURAL TIES
AMERICA’S BILL OF RIGHTS
THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM
LIBERAL TO CONSERVATIVE
ECONOMIC ISSUES
DIFFERENCE OF OPINIONS
SOCIAL ISSUES
“THE VALUE ISSUES DEBATE”
MIXED POSITIONS
RACE AND MONEY TALK
PARTY IDENTIFICATION
WHY JUST TWO PARTIES? 9 9 9

9. POLITICAL PARTY IDENTIFICATION
by Proportion of Respondents
44.2
2.1
20.1
33.6
PERCENT
DEMOCRAT
REPUBLICAN
INDEPENDENT
OTHER PARTY/NO RESP.
General Social Surveys, 10 10

10. GETTING POSITIONS HEARD AND UNDERSTOOD
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS
POLITICAL ALLIANCE OF PEOPLE INTERESTED IN SOME ECONOMIC OR SOCIAL ISSUE
THE NRA, AARP, AFL-CIO, ETC.
POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEES
ORGANIZATIONS FORMED BY SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS, INDEPENDENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES, TO PURSUE POLITICAL AIMS BY RAISING AND SPENDING MONEY 11 11 11

11. SOME THEORETICAL ANALYSIS EXPLAINING POLITICAL POWER
YOU MEAN, I REALLY
DON’T HAVE A REAL
SAY IN MY OWN
GOVERNMENT?
PLURALIST MODEL
POWER IS DISPERSED AMONG MANY COMPETING INTERESTS GROUPS
THE POWER-ELITE MODEL
“REAL” POWER IS CONCENTRATED AMONG THE VERY RICH IN AMERICA
CAN THE WEALTHIEST IN AMERICA EVER ENCOUNTER PRESSURE TO NOT ACT IN THEIR OWN BEST INTERESTS?
POLITICAL-ECONOMY MODEL
POWER IS DIVIDED ALONG THE LINES OF A POLITICAL ECONOMY
BIAS IS ROOTED WITHIN THE NATION’S SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
REVOLUTION IS THE ONLY ANSWER

12. THE OVERTHROW OF A POLITICAL ORDER IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH A NEW ONE
REVOLUTIONS SHARE COMMON TRAITS
RISING EXPECTATIONS
WHEN QUALITY OF LIFE IS IMPROVING, PEOPLE WANT MORE AND ARE LESS WILLING TO WAIT
UNRESPONSIVE GOVERNMENT
DEGREE OF WILLINGNESS AND ABILTY TO REFORM TO MEET DEMANDS OF PEOPLE
RADICAL LEADERSHIP BY INTELLECTUALS
REVOLUTION IS OFTEN “UNIVERSITY CENTERED”
ESTABLISHING NEW LEGITIMACY
GUARDING AGAINST ATTEMPTS TO COUNTER THE REVOLUTION 12 12 12

13. TERRORISM
VIOLENCE, OR THE THREAT OF VIOLENCE, EMPLOYED BY AN INDIVIDUAL OR A GROUP AS A POLITICAL STRATEGY
STATE TERRORISM
USE OF VIOLENCE, GENERALLY WITHOUT SUPPORT OF LAW, AGAINST INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS BY A GOVERNMENT OR ITS AGENTS 13 13 13

14. War AND peace
WAR – ORGANIZED, ARMED CONFLICT AMONG PEOPLE OF TWO OR MORE NATIONS, DIRECTED BY THEIR GOVERNMNETS

15. FACTORS PROMOTING WAR PERCEIVED THREATS SOCIAL PROBLEMS
THREATS TO PEOPLE AND TERRITORY
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
INTERNAL PROBLEMS AND FRUSTRATION
POLITICAL OBJECTIVES
SHOW OF FORCE AND PROTECTING ONE’S OWN PROPERTY
MORAL OBJECTIVES
RALLYING PEOPLE AROUND MORALITY
ABSENCE OF ALTERNATIVES
LIMITED OPTIONS 14 14 14

16. COSTS ARE OFTEN FOUND WELL BEYOND THE BATTLEFIELDS AND LONG AFTER THE WAR
$5 TRILLION SPENT ANNUALLY
$1, FOR EVERY PERSON ON EARTH
ANOTHER BILLION HERE, ANOTHER MILLION THERE...
HOW MUCH SUFFERING GOES ON BECAUSE NEEDED FUNDS MUST BE DIVERTED? WOULD IT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE IF THE FUNDS WERE AVAILABLE FOR OTHER NEEDS?
THE POLITICS OF WAR
MILITARY INDUSTRAIL COMPLEX
THE CLOSE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, THE MILITARY, AND THE DEFENSE INDUSTRY
FOLLOW THE MONEY AND THE CAREERS OF PENTAGON OFFICIALS AFTER THEY LEAVE THE MILITARY AS SEE WHERE THE TWO END UP!
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
ARE THINGS ESCALATING AGAIN WITH THE CHANCE OF SUCH WEAPONS BEING USED BY 3RD WORLD MILITARIES?
PAKISTAN AND INDIA

17. REDUCING CHANCES FOR WAR AND INCREASING CHANCES OF PEACE
DETERRENCE
BALANCE OF POWER BETWEEN SOCIETIES
HIGH-TECHNOLOGY DEFENSE
STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE
DIPLOMACY AND DISARMAMENT
KEEP TALKING ABOUT REDUCING ARMS
RESOLVING UNDERLYING CONFLICT
INCREASE SPENDING ON PROMOTING PEACE RATHER THAN BUILDING UP MILITARY 16 16 16