1. 1 Implementation of the Bologna Process in the EU Prof. dr. ir. Roland VERHÉ Ghent University Faculty of Bioscience Engineering

2. 2 Policy of European Union European Integration Successful: Internal market Internal market Internal labour market Internal labour market Introduction Euro Introduction Euro Unsuccessful: Educational Policy Only: “European Dimension: Mobility Programmes

3. 3 Educational systems in Europe No European Policy and Competences No European Policy and Competences Education: most conservative of all societal policy areas Education: most conservative of all societal policy areas Organisation of higher education: national Organisation of higher education: national National diploma systems National diploma systems Education is linked to political sentiments: national culture, language, social emancipation Education is linked to political sentiments: national culture, language, social emancipation

4. 4 History of the Bologna Process 1998: Sorbonne Declaration: French initiative ambitious reform policy: shortening study carreers 1998: Sorbonne Declaration: French initiative ambitious reform policy: shortening study carreers 1999: Bologna Declaration: nearly all European countries Important: 1999: Bologna Declaration: nearly all European countries Important: not a EU-driven bureaucratic harmonisatoin policy not a EU-driven bureaucratic harmonisatoin policy common political statement with support of the education world common political statement with support of the education world 2001: Salamanca Convention: Rectors and students 2001: Salamanca Convention: Rectors and students 2001: Prague: ministers conference 2001: Prague: ministers conference 2003: Berlin 2003: Berlin

5. 5 Bologna Declaration Answer to following issues: no European integration and harmonisation no European integration and harmonisation lack of transparancy, comparability and compatibility lack of transparancy, comparability and compatibility readability of degrees and diploma’s readability of degrees and diploma’s employability employability loss of attractivity loss of attractivity deregulate education system: new providers, private institutions, virtual univ. deregulate education system: new providers, private institutions, virtual univ. eliminate barriers for mobility eliminate barriers for mobility quality assurance and accreditation quality assurance and accreditation credit system credit system lifelong leraning lifelong leraning

6. 6 Bologna Process The Bologna Process is not a EU-driven bureaucratic harmonisaton policy (not accepted by European States), but a common political statement based on large support within the higher education field.

7. 7 Bologna Process: 9 Action lines 10 Concrete measures Action line 1: Adoption of a system of easily readable and comparable degrees 1 Introduction of Diploma Supplement Action line 3: Establishment of a system of credits 2 ECTS + European Credit Accumulation System for lifelong learning Action line 4: Promotion of mobility 3 Socrates-Erasmus Student charter 4 European Virtual Universities

8. 8 Action line 5: Promotion of European cooperation in quality assurance 5 Quality Culture: internal + external 6 Pilot Scheme on European Higher Education Quality Evaluation Action line 6: Promotion of the European dimension 7 European Masters and Doctoral courses Action line 9: Promoting the attractiveness of the European Higher Education Area 8 Data-base on job and learning opportunities 9 Synergie Education-Research 10 Monitoring/Reports/Seminars

9. 9 Bachelor – Master - Doctorate General scheme: 1. Bachelor degree: minimum three years of study or 180 ECTS scientific degree scientific degree professional-vocational degree professional-vocational degree 2. Master degree: minimum one year of study or 60 ECTS after Bachelor degree scientific degree: scientific degree: minimum 1 year: professional minimum 1 year: professional 1-2 years: research 1-2 years: research professional: after professional bachelor professional: after professional bachelor 3. Doctor: minimum 3 years after scientific master degree

10. 10 ECTS: European Credit Transfer System Condition for: Equivalency of study programmes Equivalency of study programmes Transparency of study programmes Transparency of study programmes Promotion of mobility Promotion of mobility Recognition of studies and diplomas Recognition of studies and diplomas Quality of study programmes Quality of study programmes

11. 11 ECTS: Composition ECTS credits: numerial value allocated to course units to describe the student work required for completion and assessment ECTS credits: numerial value allocated to course units to describe the student work required for completion and assessment Information package: organisation and structure of studies Each module: Information package: organisation and structure of studies Each module: Aim/ objective Aim/ objective Contents Contents Workload Workload Number of credits Number of credits Examination Examination References References Transcript of records: diploma supplement Transcript of records: diploma supplement

12. 12 ECTS Credits Numeral value (between 1-60) allocated to course units in order to describe the student work load: Contact hours: Contact hours: Lectures Lectures Practicals Practicals Seminars Seminars Tutorials Tutorials Excursions Excursions Personal study: library, private study Personal study: library, private study Project Project Assessment and examinations Assessment and examinations ECTS reflects the quantity of work: each course unit requires in relation to the total quantity of work necessary to complete a full year of academic study

13. 13 ECTS Credits: Relative measures: how much of a year’s work load a course unit is representing 1 year study: 60 credits 1 semester: 30 credits Work load Europe: 1500-1800 hrs study load hours (study time) to complete a full academic year 1500-1800 hrs study load hours (study time) to complete a full academic year Contact hours: 600-800/year Contact hours: 600-800/year 60 credits = 600-800 contact hours = 1500-1800 study load hours 1 credit = 10-13 contact hours = 25-30 study load hours

14. 14 Credit allocation Theory: 10 hrs = 1 credit point Theory: 10 hrs = 1 credit point Practical: 30 hrs = 1 credit point Practical: 30 hrs = 1 credit point Personal work for course of 30 hours = 1-2 points Personal work for course of 30 hours = 1-2 pointsExample Food Chemistry Contact hours: theory: 30 hours theory: 30 hours Practical: 30 hours Practical: 30 hours Study load hours: Theory: 90 hrs Theory: 90 hrs Practical: 30 hrs ----------- 120 hrs Practical: 30 hrs ----------- 120 hrsCredits: Theory:3 Theory:3 Practical:1 Practical:1 Persolan work:1 ------ 5 Persolan work:1 ------ 5

15. 15 Food Engineering Contact hours: Theory: 30 hrs Theory: 30 hrs Practical: 30 hrs Practical: 30 hrs Study load hours: Theory:120 hrs Theory:120 hrs Practical:60 hrs ---------- 180 hrs Practical:60 hrs ---------- 180 hrsCredits: Theory:3 Theory:3 Practical:1 Practical:1 Personal work:2 ---- 6 Personal work:2 ---- 6

16. 16 Higher Education in EU Institutions of Higher Education 1. Non-academic technical colleges/schools: 2-3 years education: professional/vacational level Diploma: vacational/technical bachelor: 3 years/180 ECTS vacational/technical bachelor: 3 years/180 ECTS ready for labour market ready for labour market no continuation of studies no continuation of studies

17. 17 Higher Education in EU Institutions of Higher Education 2. Academic Universities of Applied Sciences 4 years education Professional education/applications Univesity level Diploma: Bachelor in applied sciences in most EU Exeption: Belgium: Master in Applied Sciences Remarks These institutions are able to organise Master of Science courses in collaboration with universities These institutions are able to organise Master of Science courses in collaboration with universities Graduates are able to continue to Master of Science in universities Graduates are able to continue to Master of Science in universities

18. 18 Higher Education in EU Institutions of Higher Education 3. Universities / Grandes Ecoles 4-5 years education academic level conceptional/research level Diploma: 1. Bachelor of Science: 3 years, 180 ECTS 2. Master of Science: 1-2 years, 60-120 ECTS 3. Doctorate: minimum 3 years

19. 19 Organisation of Bachelor of Science Bologna Process: Aim: diploma ready for the labour market In practice: education in basic sciences especially in the first two years and with minor specialisation in 3rd year. 95% of students are proceeding to MSc Programme: Several BSc in various specialisations Several BSc in various specialisations One BSc One BSc without specification without specification with minor orientation with minor orientation

20. 20 Organisation of Master of Science Acceptance of students from various BSc- orientations and from other universities with or without prerequisites Acceptance of students from various BSc- orientations and from other universities with or without prerequisites High specialisation High specialisation Courses and project (MSc-thesis) Courses and project (MSc-thesis) Direct available for professional career and/or research (doctorate) Direct available for professional career and/or research (doctorate)

21. 21 Case Studies Netherlands: University of Wageningen 16 BSc leading to 25 MSc Orientation from the 1st year 1 BSc → choice for 4-6 MSc Examples: BSc in Biology: → MSc: Biology Animal Sciences and Aquaculture Bioinformatics Earth Sciences Geo-information Sciences Plant Biotechnology Plant Sciences BSc in Biotechnology → MSc: Biotechnology Bioinformatics Management of Agro-Ecological Knowledge and Social Changes Molecular Science Plant Biotechnology

22. 22 Case Studies (2) Netherlands: BSc Food Technology → MSc: Food Technology Management of Agro-ecological Knowledge & Social Change Food Safety Food Quality Management

23. 23 Case Studies (3) Belgium: 1 BSc: BSc in Bioscience Engineering → MSc:Agriculture Forestry Soil & Water Food Sciences Chemistry and Bioengineering Cel and Gen Technology Environmental Sciences

24. 24 Case Studies (4) Denmark, Finland, Norway For each BSc there is a MSc. Switching between BSc and MSc is possible: prerequisites Example Copenhagen: BSc/MScAgricultural Science Horticulture Agricultural Economics Landscape Architecture Forestry Food Science and Technology MSc:Environmental Chemistry Human Nutrition Landscape Managment Environmental and Natural Resources Economics Biological Chemistry of Plants

25. 25 Case Studies (5) Austria : BOKU: University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Mixture: Diploma Engineer / BSc/MSc BSc:Forestry Wood and Natural Product Technology Environment and Bioresource Management Culture engineering and Water Sciences Food technology and Biotechnology MSc:Forestry Wood Technology and Management Management of natural resources Applied life sciences Culture engineering and Water Sciences Water Sciences and Environment Land Management and Infrastructure Food Sciences and Technology Biotechnology

26. 26 Cast Studies (6) Germany Choise Diploma Engineer/Master Choise Diploma Engineer/Master Different situation in the various regions Different situation in the various regions Various BSc leading to various MSc Various BSc leading to various MScItaly BSc: 3 years Intermediate MSc: + 1 year (specialisation) Master of Science : + 2 years Sweden No intermediate BSc: degree: directly to Master of Science: 4-5 years

27. 27 Cast Studies (7) France 1) Professional BSc DUT: Diplome University Technology 2 – 3 years  BSC 2) University: no degrees in Agricultural Sciences BSc: 3 years MSc: 2 years PhD: 3 years

28. 28 3) Grandes Ecoles:  Agriculture No free entry in Specialised Schools: → entry exam + fixed number of students 2 systems 5 years in the same school 5 years in the same school 2 years in preparatory school  examination + selection 2 years in preparatory school  examination + selection 3 years: 1,5 years common 0,5 years : elective 1 year: selection of one MSc 3 years: 1,5 years common 0,5 years : elective 1 year: selection of one MSc No formal BSc MSc: Master professional Master research Master research Cast Studies (7 bis)

29. 29 Cast Studies (8) Spain / Portugal / Greece BSc / MSc: in preparation Spain / Greece Engineer degree: 5 years Portugal Licenciate/Engineer: 4-5 years Master: + 2 years

30. 30 Implemantation of BA/MS Law: general framework of organisation Law: general framework of organisation Study programme: working group of teachers for each BSc-MSc ↓ Study programme: working group of teachers for each BSc-MSc ↓ Acceptance by Faculty Board ↓ Acceptance by Faculty Board ↓ Acceptance by University Board Acceptance by University Board In most EU the number of BSc and MSc will be regulated by national and/or regional law, not the content and organisatoin.

31. 31 Tendencies BA/MA Mobility: BSc → MSc between universities internationalisation Mobility: BSc → MSc between universities internationalisation Creation of Joint European Masters: Erasmus Mundus Joint diploma’s or double diploma’s Creation of Joint European Masters: Erasmus Mundus Joint diploma’s or double diploma’s Creation of centres of excellence in specific topics. More specialisation in Masters. Not all specialisation in one institute. Creation of centres of excellence in specific topics. More specialisation in Masters. Not all specialisation in one institute. MSc-degree: use of English language MSc-degree: use of English language International mobility of students and staff International mobility of students and staff Name “Agriculture” changed in “Biosciences” ~ “Life Science” Name “Agriculture” changed in “Biosciences” ~ “Life Science”