1. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology
Chapter 1
Introduction
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

2. Introduction
Cognitive psychology studies human mental processes and their role in thinking, feeling, and behaving. It is one of the cognitive sciences.
Core concepts of the field include mental representations, stages of processing, serial vs. parallel processing, hierarchical systems, cognitive architectures, memory stores, consciousness, and emotion.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

3. Defining Cognitive Psychology
The study of human mental processes and their role in thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Experimentation versus mathematical models and computer simulations.
Information processing—the mind is analogous to the software of a computer and the brain to its hardware.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

4. Information Processing
Information as a reduction of uncertainty (h = log2N).
Meaning, not information in the mathematical sense, is the focus of human mental life.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

5. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

6. Defining Cognitive Science
The study of the relationships among and integration of cognitive psychology, biology, anthropology, computer science, linguistics, and philosophy.
These disciplines bring different methodologies to common questions.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

7. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

8. Core Concepts Mental representation Stages of processing
Serial versus parallel processing
Hierarchical systems
Cognitive architecture
Memory stores
Consciousness
Emotion
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

9. Mental Representation
An unobservable internal code for information.
Mental images are one kind of mental representation.
Other kinds are unconscious and abstract.
Provide the basis for all cognitive abilities and knowledge about the world.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

10. Stages of Processing
Processes modify mental representations in a series of stages.
Encoding, storage, and retrieval are stages of processing in memory, for example.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

11. Serial versus Parallel Processing
At a given stage of processing, cognitive operations may be either serial or parallel.
Simultaneous operations are parallel not serial.
Is retrieval from memory serial or parallel?
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

12. Hierarchical Systems
Mind as a hierarchy of component parts analogous to bodily systems.
Nervous system divides into peripheral and central branch. Peripheral divides into autonomic and sensory, etc.
Mind divides into perception, memory, and motor output. Memory divides into sensory, short-term, and long-term. Long-term divides into declarative and nondeclarative.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

13. Cognitive Architectures
Symbolic models
Design of digital computer
Symbolic representations
Local representations
Serial processing
Connectionist models
Structure of brain
Associations among simple units
Distributed representations
Parallel processing
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

14. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

15. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

16. Consciousness
Self-knowledge—knowledge of self in addition to knowledge of objects, events, and ideas external to self.
Informational access—capacity to be become aware of and able to report on mental representations and processes.
Sentience—capacity for raw sensations, feelings, and subjective experience.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

17. Emotion
The relation of emotion and cognition is now a thriving area of research in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience.
It’s still unclear if fear, anger, sadness, and so on are basic categories with specific brain circuits. There may be more basic dimensions of valence (pleasure vs. pain) and arousal (high vs. low).
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

18. Introduction Lecture 1
Cognitive psychology studies human mental processes and their role in thinking, feeling, and behaving. It is one of the cognitive sciences.
Core concepts of the field include mental representations, stages of processing, serial vs. parallel processing, hierarchical systems, cognitive architectures, memory stores, consciousness, and emotion.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

19. Introduction Lecture 2
The brain is a complex organ that mediates mental functions. Brainstem and forebrain structures provide basic life supports, the limbic system mediates emotion, learning, and memory, and the cerebral cortex governs perception, motor behavior, and complex cognition.
Behavioral (e.g., response times, verbal reports) and physiological (e.g., EEG, ERP, neuroimaging, and brain lesions) methods of research attempt to describe mental functions and relate them to brain structures.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

20. Functional Neuroanatomy
CNS includes 1 trillion neurons (1012) with about 1,000 trillion synaptic connections (1015).
A single neuron in the brain may receive as many as 10,000 synaptic connections with other neurons.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

21. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

22. Brain Structures and Functions
Frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes of cerebral cortex—perception, behavior, and cognition.
Brainstem (hindbrain and midbrain) and forebrain or diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)—homeostasis and basic life support mechanisms.
Limbic system (cingulate gyrus, fornix, hippocampus and related structures)—emotional responses and cognitive functions of learning and memory.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

23. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

24. Brain Structures and Functions
Frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes of cerebral cortex—perception, behavior, and cognition.
Brainstem (hindbrain and midbrain) and forebrain or diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)—homeostasis and basic life support mechanisms.
Limbic system (cingulate gyrus, fornix, hippocampus and related structures)—emotional responses and cognitive functions of learning and memory.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

25. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

26. Brain Structures and Function
Massive parallel processing throughout the brain to perform mental functions.
Example in perception:
Ventral “what pathway”—processes identity of perceived object.
Dorsal “where pathway”—processes location of perceived object.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

27. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

28. Research Methods
Behavioral measures—reaction time and proportion of errors.
Verbal protocols—concurrent, think aloud protocols or other verbal reports.
Physiological measures—EEG, ERP, PET, fMRI.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

29. Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
Electrophysiology—EEG and ERP
Neuroimaging—PET and fMRI
Brain lesions and double dissociations
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

30. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

31. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

32. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

33. Method of Subtraction
Used to isolate the properties of a single stage of processing.
Assumption of pure insertion:
Control-Stages 1 and 2
Experimental-Stages 1, 2, and 3
Adding 3 does not affect 1 and 2
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

34. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

35. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

36. Default Network
Posterior cingulate gyrus and medial temporal lobe are part of a default network active during spontaneous cognition.
Autobiographical memory, envisioning the future, theory of mind, and moral decision making use the default network.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

37. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

38. Brain Lesions
Case method that relates brain damage from an accident, tumor, stroke, or other illness to mental functions.
Single versus double dissociation in patterns of brain lesions and performance on cognitive tasks designed to measure specific mental functions. Double dissociation allows the strongest conclusion.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

39. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.