1. 1 Overview of Plant Diversity Chapter 29

2. 2 The Evolutionary Origins of Plants Defining characteristic of plants is protection of their embryos.  Land plants can be divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of vascular tissue.

3. 3 The Evolutionary Origins of Plants Adaptations to land – protected from desiccation - waxy cuticle gas exchange- stomata – evolution of leaves increased photosynthetic area Alternates Generations diploid generation alternates with haploid generation

4. 4 Plant Life Cycles diploid generation alternates with haploid generation – diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis – Spores divide by mitosis, producing haploid gametophyte. – haploid gametophyte is the source of gametes – gametes fuse to form diploid zygote

5. 5 Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts Bryophytes - avascular plants – sporophytes are attached to and nutritionally dependent on gametophytes – require water to reproduce sexually – most are small

6. 6 Features of Vascular Plants Vascular tissues – xylem – phloem – Earliest vascular plants lacked seeds Seedless Vascular Plants - Ferns

7. 7 Ferns are the most abundant group of seedless vascular plants. – greater development, independence, and dominance of fern’s Sporophyte Fern sporophytes have underground stem, the rhizome. sporangia in clusters, sori, on back of fronds Diploid spore mother cells in each sporangium undergo meiosis, producing haploid spores

8. 8 Seed Plants Seed Plants first appeared about 425 mya. – drought protection – enhanced dispersal – dormant phase increase embryo survival by waiting for favorable environmental conditions

9. 9 Gymnosperms Seeds but lack flowers and fruits of angiosperms Four living groups – conifers – cycads – gnetophytes – Ginkgo

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11. 11 Angiosperms Ovules are enclosed within diploid tissues at time of pollination – carpel, modified leaf encapsulating seed, develops into fruit Monocots and eudicots – eudicots and monocots differ in:  number of cotyledons  leaf venation  presence lateral meristems  number of flower parts

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13. 13 Angiosperms Structure of flowers

14. 14 Typical Angiosperm Lifecycle polar nuclei egg pollination pollen pollen tube sperm double fertilization zygote 2n endosperm 3n