1. CS 1400 Pick ups from chapters 2 and 3

2. #include directive This pre-processing directive causes the textual contents of a named file to be inserted into a program file at this point. Include files typically contain information necessary to use externally-defined utilities (such as I/O, math, etc.)

3. Character variables A variable of type char can hold one character; char sex; A character constant is delimited by single quotes; sex = ‘f’; if (sex == ‘m’) cout << “male”;

4. char vs. literals A literal is different from a character! char c; cout << “hello world”; c = “hello world”;// ERROR! c = ‘h’;// CORRECT c = “h”;// ERROR!

5. variable types (Visual C++) typeSizeRange bool1 bytetrue or false char1 byteany single character short2 bytes-32,768 to 32,767 unsigned short2 bytes0 to 65,535 int4 bytes-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 unsigned int4 bytes0 to 4,294,967,295 long4 bytessame as int unsigned long4 bytessame as unsigned int float4 bytes+/- 3.4E-38 to +/- 3.4E38 double8 bytes+/- 1.7E-308 to +/- 1.7E308 *FYI

6. Determining the size of variables The library function sizeof() can be used to determine the size of variables or types on other systems: cout << sizeof (float); *FYI

7. Constants C++ allows the programmer to control the type and base of a constant cout << 32;// defaults to int cout << 32L; // becomes long cout << 3.14;// defaults to double cout << 3.14F;// becomes float cout << 032;// becomes base-8 or 26 cout << 3.14e-3;// becomes.00314 *FYI

8. Named constants Constants may be given symbolic names to represent them in a program; –Form: const type name = value; –Example: const float PI = 3.14159; const int SIZE = 24; –Alternative Form:#define name value #define PI 3.14159 #define SIZE 24 Defines should be place above main()

9. cin I/O rules Only digit characters (and sign) can be entered for an int variable. Only digit, decimal, and possibly E- notation characters (and sign) can be entered for a float variable. Only printable characters can be entered for a char variable.

10. Strings or char arrays A message or string of characters can be stored in a special array variable; char word[80]; // holds <80 characters cin >> word; cout << word << endl; Only printable characters can be input using cin (no blanks, tabs, etc.)

11. Initially limit use of string arrays… For now, only input and output will be done on arrays; cin >> word;// OK cout << word;// OK word = “hello world”;// ERROR! if (word < “goodbye”)// ERROR! word1 = word2;// ERROR!

12. Combining assignments Multiple assignment statements may be combined –Example: a = b = c = 25; Shorthand notation for combining arithmetic operations and assignment –Example: a = a * 2;same asa *= 2; b = b – 5;same asb -= 5; c = c / 7;same asc /= 7;

13. Additional shorthand notation… incrementing a variable value++same asvalue = value + 1 decrementing a variable value--same asvalue = value - 1

14. Formatting output Requires: #include cout manipulators: setw(n) (set the minimum spaces for the next value output) setprecision(n) (set the precision or rounding for a float value) fixed (force output of float values in fixed-point notation) showpoint (show a decimal point with trailing zeros)

15. Controlling input Requires #include cin manipulators setw(n) do not input more than n-1 characters for the next variable textbook error, pg 128 char word[5]; cin >> setw(5) >> word;// user enters “Eureka” cout << word;// program outputs “Eure”

16. Special input examples… char sentence[20], ch; cin.getline(sentence, 20); –reads all characters on a line (up to 19 in count) from the keyboard and stores them in array sentence cin.get(ch); –reads the next input character (including white spaces) cin >> ch; –reads the next printable character (ignoring white spaces) cin.ignore (); –ignore (discard) the next input buffer character

17. More math library functions… Requires: #include functionsexamples absy = abs(x); sqrty = sqrt(a*a + b*b); logy = log(x); siny = sin(x+z); cosy = cos(x); tany = tan(x); etc…

18. File Output Requires:#include ofstream fout; fout.open (“report.txt”); fout << “hello from a file!\n”; fout.close(); To write to report.txt on the a: drive; fout.open (“a:\\report.txt”); fout.open (“a:report.txt”); fout.open (“a:\report.txt”); // ERROR!

19. File Input Requires:#include int a, b; ifstream fin; fin.open (“report.txt”); fin >> a >> b; cout << “sum is: “ << a+b << endl; fin.close();

20. Example… Write a program to generate a monthly report of concert hall business for a touring show. Up to 20 concerts are given. –assume:reserved seat tickets$80 stadium seat tickets$50 standing tickets$35 production company gets 80%

21. Input file… line 1:tour name line 2:reserved stadium standing line 3:… line n:-1 -1 -1 Example: Rolling Stones Geriatric Tour 3025 7500 4110 3026 7320 4098 3027 6432 2456 -1 -1 -1 a:tour.txt