1. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 1Winter Quarter I/O Manipulation Lecture 27

2. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 2Winter Quarter Stream I/O Library Header Files Note:There is no “.h” on standard header files. Be careful about “using namespace std” iostream -- contains basic information required for all stream I/O operations iomanip -- contains information useful for performing formatted I/O with parameterized stream manipulators fstream -- contains information for performing file I/O operations strstream -- contains information for performing in- memory I/O operations (i.e., into or from strings in memory)

3. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 3Winter Quarter Classes for Stream I/O in C++ ios is the base class. istream and ostream inherit from ios ifstream inherits from istream (and ios) ofstream inherits from ostream (and ios) iostream inherits from istream and ostream (& ios) fstream inherits from ifstream, iostream, and ofstream

4. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 4Winter Quarter C++ Stream I/O -- Stream Manipulators C++ provides various stream manipulators that perform formatting tasks. Stream manipulators are defined in These manipulators provide capabilities for –setting field widths, –setting precision, –setting and unsetting format flags, –flushing streams, –inserting a "newline" and flushing output stream, –skipping whitespace in input stream

5. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 5Winter Quarter C++ Stream I/O -- Stream Manipulators setprecision ( ) Select output precision, i.e., number of significant digits to be printed. Example: cout << setprecision (2) ; // two significant digits setw ( ) Specify the field width (Can be used on input or output, but only applies to next insertion or extraction). Example: cout << setw (4) ;// field is four positions wide

6. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 6Winter Quarter C++ Stream I/O -- Stream Format States Various ios format flags specify the kinds of formatting to be performed during stream I/O. There are member functions (and/or stream manipulators) which control flag settings. There are various flags for trailing zeros and decimal points, justification, number base, floating point representation, and so on.

7. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 7Winter Quarter Stream I/O Format State Flags ios::showpointwhen set, show trailing decimal point and zeros ios::showposwhen set, show the + sign before positive numbers ios::basefield ios::decuse base ten ios::octuse base eight ios::hexuse base sixteen

8. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 8Winter Quarter Stream I/O Format State Flags ios::floatfield ios::fixeduse fixed number of digits ios::scientificuse "scientific" notation ios::adjustfield ios::leftuse left justification ios::rightuse right justification ios::internalleft justify the sign, but right justify the value

9. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 9Winter Quarter Stream I/O Format State Flags ios::eofbitset when eof encountered [ stream.eof() ] ios::failbitset when format error occurredon the stream, but no characters were lost [ stream.fail() or simply ! stream ] ios::badbitset when stream error occurs that results in a loss of data [ stream.bad() ] ios::goodbitset when none of the bits eofbit, failbit, or badbit are set [ stream.good() ]

10. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 10Winter Quarter I/O Stream Member Functions.setf ( ) Allows the setting of an I/O stream format flag. Examples: // To show the + sign in front of positive numbers cout.setf (ios::showpos) ; // To output the number in hexadecimal cout.setf (ios::hex, ios::basefield) ;

11. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 11Winter Quarter I/O Stream Member Functions.precision ( ) ; Select output precision, i.e., number of significant digits to be printed. Example: cout.precision (2) ; // two significant digits.width ( ) ; Specify field width. (Can be used on input or output, but only applies to next insertion or extraction). Example: cout.width (4) ;// field is four positions wide

12. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 12Winter Quarter I/O Stream Member Functions.eof ( ) ; Tests for end-of-file condition. Example: cin.eof ( ) ; // true if eof encountered.fail ( ) ; Tests if a stream operation has failed. Example: cin.fail ( ) ;// true if a format error occurred ! cin;// same as above; true if format error

13. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 13Winter Quarter I/O Stream Member Functions.clear ( ) ; Normally used to restore a stream's state to "good" so that I/O may proceed or resume on that stream. Example: cin.clear ( ) ; // allow I/O to resume on a "bad" // stream, in this case "cin", // on which error had previously // occurred

14. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 14Winter Quarter Using Manipulators & Member Functions #include // No “.h” (standard header) using namespace std;// To avoid “std::” int main ( ) { int a, b, c = 8, d = 4 ; float k ; char name[30] ; cout << "Enter your name" << endl ; cin.getline (name, 30) ; cout << "Enter two integers and a float " << endl ; cin >> a >> b >> k ;

15. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 15Winter Quarter Using Manipulators & Member Functions // Now, let's output the values that were read in cout << "\nThank you, " << name << ", you entered" << endl << a << ", " << b << ", and " ; cout.width (4) ; cout.precision (2) ; cout << k << endl ; // Control the field and precision another way cout <<"\nThank you, " << name << ", you entered" << endl << a << ", " << b << ", and " << setw (c) << setprecision (d) << k << endl ; }

16. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 16Winter Quarter Example Program Output Enter your name R. J. Freuler Enter two integers and a float 12 24 67.85 Thank you, R. J. Freuler, you entered 12, 24, and 68 Thank you, R. J. Freuler, you entered 12, 24, and 67.85

17. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 17Winter Quarter More Input Stream Member Functions.get ( ) ; Example: char ch ; ch = cin.get ( ) ;// gets one character from keyboard // & assigns it to the variable "ch".get (character) ; Example: char ch ; cin.get (ch) ;// gets one character from // keyboard & assigns to "ch"

18. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 18Winter Quarter More Input Stream Member Functions.get (array_name, max_size) ; Example: char name[40] ; cin.get (name, 40) ;// Gets up to 39 characters // and inserts a null at the end of the // string "name". If a delimiter is // found, the read terminates. The // delimiter is not stored in the array, // but it is left in the stream.

19. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 19Winter Quarter More Input Stream Member Functions.getline (array_name, max_size) ; Example: char name[40] ; cin.getline (name, 40) ; // Gets up to 39 characters // and assigns the string to "name". A // null is inserted at the end of the string. // Note that if a delimiter is found, // it is removed from the stream, but it is // not stored in the character array.

20. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 20Winter Quarter More Input Stream Member Functions.ignore ( ) ; Ex: cin.ignore ( ) ;// gets and discards 1 character cin.ignore (2) ;// gets and discards 2 characters cin.ignore (80, '\n') ;// gets and discards up to 80 // characters or until "newline" // character, whichever comes // first

21. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 21Winter Quarter More Input Stream Member Functions.peek( ) ; Ex: char ch ; ch = cin.peek ( ) ; // peek at (don't take) character.putback( ) ; Ex: char ch; cin.putback (ch) ; // put character back in stream

22. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 22Winter Quarter More I/O Stream Member Functions.read( ) ;.write( ) ; Ex: char gross[144] ; cin.read(gross,144) ; // reads 144 characters from // input stream. Does NOT // append '\0'

23. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 27P. 23Winter Quarter File I/O with C++ #include using namespace std; int main ( ) { int a, b, c ; ifstream fin ;//Create file input stream object fin.open ( "my_input.dat") ;//Open input file fin >> a >> b ;//Read two values from input file c = a + b ; ofstream fout ;//Create file output stream object fout.open ( "my_output.dat"); //Open output file fout << c << endl ;//Write result to output file fin.close ( ) ;//Close input file fout.close ( ) ;//Close output file }