1. Ecosystems Abdulhafez Selim, MD, PhD

2. Ecosystem Organisms + Physical environment = Ecosystem Earth  The organisms living in a particular area, together with the physical environment with which they interact, constitute an ecosystem.  At a global scale, Earth is a single ecosystem.

3. Climate on Earth, Solar Radiation  Biological processes on Earth are driven primarily by solar radiation.

4. Climate on Earth; Solar Radiation

5. Climates on Earth; Global Air Circulation More energy received at equator than at poles At equator, warm raising air produces a belt of low pressure and winds.  Rising air expands and cools, releasing moisture.  Descending air warms and dries and takes up moisture, Creating rain shadows.  Global air circulation is driven by solar radiation and the spinning of Earth on its axis

6. Climates on Earth; Global Air Circulation Air circulation around the globe would be simple (and the weather boring) if the Earth did not rotate and the rotation was not tilted relative to the Sun. Please click to enlarge!

7. Climates on Earth; Global Air Circulation

8. Climate on Earth, Ocean currents Poleward-moving currents are warm, and equatorward-moving currents are cold. Surface ocean currents are driven by global winds and play an important role in redistributing heat around the globe.

9. Climate on Earth, Ocean currents Description: Map showing the seven major ocean currents

10. Energy Follow

11. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a process in which green plants use energy from the sun to transform water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and organic compounds. It is one example of how people and plants are dependent on each other in sustaining life

12. Energy flow Before 1977, scientists believed that all forms of life ultimately depended on the Sun for energy. A few deep-sea and cave ecosystems are powered by chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis. Chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of 1-carbon molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter usingcarbon dioxidemethane the oxidation of inorganic molecules (e.g. hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) orhydrogenhydrogen sulfide methane as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis.photosynthesis

15. Crops need many things for good growth and maximum productivity- light, carbon dioxide, nutrients, water and a sufficiently long period without frost. What is often forgotten is that another requirement for growth and development of crops is needed - heat. Each crop is very specific as to its heat requirements. the most rapid growth and development takes place at 2 l' C (70' F). The growth rate decreases with the increase in temperature and finally stops at 30 C (86' F).

16. The amount of energy flowing through an ecosystem depends on primary production and on the efficiency of transfer of energy from one trophic level to another

17. Nutrient Cycle

18. Material Cycle

19. Food Web Who eats whom in a ecosystem can be diagrammed as a food web.

20. Food web

23. Cycles of Materials in Ecosystem, oceans primary production. Primary production in oceans is highest adjacent to continents, where nutrient-rich waters rise to the surface

24. Cycles of Materials in Ecosystem, Layers of Atmosphere Layers of the Atmosphere The atmosphere is divided into five main layers plus the ionosphere. It extends over 430 miles (700 km) into the sky.

25. Layers of Atmosphere The two lowest layers of Earth's atmosphere differ from each other in their circulation patterns, the amount of moisture they contain, and the amount of ultraviolet radiation they receive.

26. Cycles of Material in Ecosystem, Temperate-Zone Lake Temperate-zone lakes turn over twice each year as water cools and warms.

27. Biogeochemical Cycles  The elements organisms need in large quantities cycle through organisms to the environment and back again. Biogeochemical Cycles Water cycle Carbon dioxide cycle Nitrogen cycle Phosphorus cycle

28. Water Cycle The cycle of water-the hydrological cycle-is driven by evaporation of water; most of it from ocean surfaces.

29. Carbon Cycle Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the immediate source of carbon for earthly organisms, but only a small part of Earth's carbon is in the atmosphere.

30. Carbon Cycle

31. Nitrogen Cycle Although nitrogen makes up 78 percent of Earth's atmosphere, nitrogen can be converted into biologically useful forms only by a few species of bacteria and cyanobacteria.

35.  The most striking example of a local effect of altered bio-geochemical cycles is lake eutrophication.

36. Human Alterations of Biogeochemical Cycles, lake eutrophication. Normal lakes that have minimal levels of nutrients are said to be enriched, or oligotrophic. An oligotrophic lake has clear water and supports small populations of aquatic organisms. Eutrophication is the enrichment of water by nutrients; a lake that is enriched is said to be eutrophic. The water in a eutrophic lake is cloudy and usually resembles pea soup because of the presence of of vast numbers of algae and cyanobacteria that are supported by the nutrients.algaecyanobacteria Eutrophication can be markedly accelerated by human activities, and it results from the enrichment of water by inorganic plant and algal nutrients- most commonly in sewage and fertilizer runoff.

37. A great lake - Lots of birds! Hypertrophic A great lake - Gin-clear water! Oligotrophic

39. Acid rain is a term for precipitation that is polluted by acids, which have a pH below 7.0