1. hypertext: as we may think? fdm 20c introduction to digital media lecture 13.04.2007 warren sack / film & digital media department / university of california, santa cruz

2. outline waiting list two key points for today a short history of computers an activity: human boolean circuits some questions about today’s reading, bush’s essay “as we may think”

3. outline hypertext as a new form of reading and writing two more key points for the course vannevar bush and his essay “as we may think” tristan tzara, william burroughs, david bowie and the method of “cut-ups” overview of project one exploring some hypertext art: jodi.org and alexei shulgin and others

4. waiting list principles of ordering –transfers have preference over non-transfers –majors have preference over non-majors –juniors have preference over sophomores –sophomores have preference over frosh –those who came the first day of class have preference over those who did not –within categories, people have been randomly assigned a position

5. waiting list 1.caitlin faulknar 2.matt folson 3.davis banta 4.jessica lamendella 5.ryoji yoshimura 6.jesse clark 7.colin bruce 8.ryan campbell 9.jongwoon lim 10.geraldine porras

6. waiting list 1.stephanie ramirez 2.chris nuth 3.melody thauxquchay 4.jennifer kim 5.mai xia vang 6.taylor broek 7.michael martinez 8.chance finley 9.brooke young 10.andy shauer 11.jesus rosales, jr.

7. waiting list 12. melissa freeland 13. sarah jeremiah 14. sean murphy 15. jill barry 16. alexander whittlesey 17. sophie ludel 18. ryoji yoshimura 19. kyle eck 20. justin rimando 21. kameron niksefat

8. waiting list 22. travis delucia 23. robeson bowmani 24. dustin escoffery 25. dana shinn 26. mary spenger 27. lance woodson 28. junji yamakoshi 29. lisa ballard 30. madison williams 31. kristen mccurley

9. waiting list 32. nicole wright 33. aris millare 34. natasia schibinger 35. abraham rivas 36. richard flores 37. enes mentese

10. keypoints for today When a medium is new, it is often used to simulate old media. New media do not replace old media, they displace them. –both of these points are paraphrases of ideas from Marshall McLuhan’s book Understanding Media.

11. today’s focus Hypertext: One way that digital media has been understood is as new forms of writing, reading and thinking.

12. recall: “computers” can take many different material forms “computer technology” does not necessarily start as silicon and gold; “computer technology” does not necessarily need to be implemented as hardware or software.

13. charles babbage, “difference engine” (1848)

14. the two building blocks of computers 1.switches: a steering element that can combine multiple signals into a single signal 2.connectors: the connecting element must have the ability to branch, so that a single output can feed many inputs. see w. daniel hillis, the pattern on the stone: the simple ideas that make computers work (especially “chapter 1: nuts and bolts”)

15. an or block built with hydraulic valves source: hillis, p. 14

16. hillis’ tinker toy computer

17. claude shannon: “a symbolic analysis of relay switching circuits” (1939)

18. today’s reading Vannevar Bush, “As We May Think,” Atlantic Monthly, 176(1): 101-108 (July 1945)

19. who was vannevar bush? MIT professor inventor of "differential analyzer" science advisor to President F.D. Roosevelt leader of the Manhattan Project founder of NSF

20. vannevar bush’s “differential analyzer” (1931)

21. what is the memex? The Memex was based on Bush's work during 1938-1940 developing an improved photoelectric microfilm selector.

22. what is a microfilm selector? photoelectric microfilm selector is an electronic retrieval technology pioneered by Emanuel Goldberg (see Michael Buckland, “Emanuel Goldberg, electronic document retrieval, and Vannevar Bush's memex” here http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/%7Ebuckland/goldbush.html for more on photoelectric microfilm selectors. http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/%7Ebuckland/goldbush.html think of a photoelectric microfilm selector as a sort of electro-mechanical database

23. photoelectric microfilm selector

24. questions about “as we may think” what is bush's stated motivation? (see page 37) what problem is bush trying to solve? (see page 38) what role do economical considerations play in bush's thinking? (see what he has to say about leibnitz and see page 43 on the telephone system) who sponsors this work? (“Eastman Kodak and National Cash Register each provided $10,000 funding,” Buckland)

25. questions about “as we may think” who are the key people/types of people bush writes about? –scientists (see page 42) –men –girls (see pages 40 & 43) –secretaries/calculators

26. questions about “as we may think” what is “thinking” and what types of thinking are possible according to bush? (see pages 41, 43, 44 and 45) –repetitive v. creative thought (page 41) –what is repetitive thought? (p. 41) –what is creative thought? (page 41) –what is intuitive judgement? (page 42) –what role does arithmetic and logic play? (cf., george boole's laws of thought) –what is selection? (pages 43, 44)

27. questions about “as we may think” what is the "essential feature of the memex"? (page 45) is the www of today the same thing as what bush dreamed of? (see, for example, how bush envisions books being read in the future, p. 45)

28. from thinking to writing what’s the difference between a text and a hypertext? is it possible to do “creative thought” or creative writing using a methods of hypertext? on selection and combination as the two operations of writing

29. syntagmatic + paradigmatic de saussure: syntagmatic + associative roman jakobson: syntagmatic + paradigmatic

30. Tristan Tzara's recipe for composing a poem –To make a dadaist poem: –Take a newspaper. –Take a pair of scissors. –Choose an article as long as you are planning to make your poem. –Cut out the article. –Then cut out each of the words that make up this article and put them in a bag. –Shake it gently. –Then take out the scraps one after the other in the order in which they left the bag. –Copy conscientiously.

31. example “cut-ups” William Burroughs, excerpt from Naked Lunch http://ubu.wfmu.org/sound/dial_a_poem_poets/big_ego/Big_Ego_12-burroughs.mp3 William Burroughs,“Origin and Theory of the Tape Cut-Ups” (3:43) http://www.ubu.com/sound/burroughs.html http://www.ubu.com/sound/burroughs.html William Burroughs, longer lecture by Burroughs. An example of cutting together newspaper stories starts at 7 minutes 20 seconds (1:16:13): note that Burrough’s doesn’t start his talk until the 4 minute mark http://www.archive.org/audio/audio-details-db.php? collection=naropa&collectionid=naropa_william_s_burroughs2 David Bowie, e.g., “Changes” (a cut-up or not?) http://www.lyricsfreak.com/d/david-bowie/36790.html Sawad Brooks, Global City http://artport.whitney.org/commissions/codedoc/Brooks/globalcity.html

32. conclusion for today Hypertext: One way that digital media has been understood is as new forms of writing, reading and thinking.

33. next time: software (art)