1. Indian Ocean SST switch-on experiments

2. Switch-on experiment

4. R K 3m/sec 10m/sec

5. Switch-on experiment d1 d5 d8d15 Temporal adjustment of temperature

6. T (K) q (g/Kg) P (mm/day) Switch-on experiment q.vq.v ==> T ==> , T

7. T (K) q (g/Kg) P (mm/day) Switch-on experiment

9. Diabatic heating profile in equilibrium state

10. Switch-on experiment (vq)’ vq’ v’q prc Shading in upper left panel is the vertically integrated moisture

11. conv stratus lw rad Switch-on experiment d1 d5 d8d15 Adjustment of temperature Vertical heating profile v_dif SUM Kelvin K/sec

12. q’ 0 Indian ocean Africa Wave Dynamics T’>0 Intensified convection M less CAPE reduced Convection

13. Response to CO 2 forcing with fixed SST At least in the GFDL model, there is comptet

14. Response to CO 2 forcing with fixed SST At least in the AM2, there is a tug war between the direct radiative effect of CO2 and the surface SST warming. In AM2, SST wins; in CAM3, CO2 wins. But in both model, the response to 2xCO2 seems to be robust.

15. Simulated summer (Jul-Aug-Sept) Sahel rainfall by NCAR CCSM3.0 (upper) and GFDL CM2 coupled climate models driven by the estimated observation of solar, greenhouse gas, aerosol and land use forcing (1870-1999) plus A1B future scenario forcing (2000-1099).

16. 2xCO2 +2K Annual mean response to 2xCO2 and 2K uniform SST warming

17. ANN ANN response to 2xCO2 forcing, but fixed SST