1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Objective 1: The World in 1500/The World Today

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 The World Today What question do you have about the world today ? What words would you use to describe the world today? After reading the “The World Today,” what surprises you and why?

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 What’s Your Consumption Factor? Why is “32” important? http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/02/opinion/02diamond.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=ja red%20diamond%20consumption%20factor&st=cse The average rates at which people consume resources like oil and metals, and produce wastes like plastics and greenhouse gases, are about 32 times higher in North America, Western Europe, Japan and Australia than they are in the developing world.

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 The World in 1500— “An End and a Beginning” Separate Zones of Culture Cultural Pluralism A World in Balance  “world enough to go around” - frontiers  balance of power – no real “superpower”  cultural contacts didn’t uproot cultures Southernization – rich South and poor North. “motley array of human cultures” “their specific felt differences were very great”

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 The pattern of emporia trade in the Indian Ocean, c. 1000–1500. Trade goods did not travel on a single ship the whole length of this region. Rather, they would be loaded at a port in one of the three regions, off-loaded and reloaded in the next for shipment to the third region.

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 World trade routes. Between 1100 and 1500 a relay system of trade by land and sea connected almost all populous regions of Eurasia, as well as north and east Africa. Long- distance traders carried goods along their own segments of these routes, and then turned them over to traders in the next sector. The western hemisphere was still separate, and had two major trade networks of its own.

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Ming Dynasty

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Matteo Ricci's Map of ChinaMatteo Ricci's Map of China, 1602

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Zheng He’s Voyages 1405 to 1433 See TE, pp. 346=347

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 The Qing Empire, 1644-1911 - #1?

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 The Islamic Empires, 1500-1800 Mughal Empire Safavid Empire Ottoman Empire “The Muslim Curtain” – Why? Gunpowder Empires

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 1577 AD, August, 24: Shah Ismail II Of Safavid Dynasty DiesShah Ismail II Of Safavid Dynasty Dies

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Trading ports and cities, Indian Ocean, 618–1500 c.e. The Indian Ocean was the pivot of long-distance seaborne trade from the Mediterranean to the South China Sea. Each of its port cities housed a rich diversity of merchants of many ethnicities and cultures.

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 “For Christ and Spices!” Banda What did the spice trade mean for an emerging Europe?

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 “On May 21, 1498, Vasco da Gama and his crew arrived at Calicut after a direct sea voyage from Europe to Asia. If history’s modern age has a beginning, this is it.” (RGH, p. 2) Calicut

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Cape of Good Hope

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 The World in 1500 –“A Beginning” What upset the Balance? European Explorations—What were they seeking? Western imperialism Westernization – cultural Globalization Early phase of Modernity- “self-conscious sense of having broken with tradition.” “The West went everywhere and they did not go home”

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 What global processes were at work? Biological Exchanges Commercial Exchanges—Spice Trade, ex. Diffusion of Technologies and Cultural Traditions “European peoples drew most benefit from these from 1500-1800, but they did not dominate world affairs.” TE, p.355

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 “For Christ and Spices!” Banda What did the spice trade mean for an emerging Europe?

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 European trading posts in Africa and Asia, 1700

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 European exploration, 1450–1600. Spanish and Portuguese explorers and traders had established settlements in South America and the Caribbean by 1600, and commercial depots on the coasts of Africa, India, the Pacific islands, China, and Japan—at a time when English, Dutch, and French explorations of North America had just begun.

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Columbus Landing at Guanahani, 1492 1837-47 Rotunda, US Capitol, Washington John Vanderlyn, an American whose revolutionary sympathies had led him to study and work in Paris in the early days of the empire, executed this painting in the American Capitol in Washington. His theme was Columbus Landing at Guanahani, 1492, glorifying the arrival on this West Indian island of the historical figure who was regarded as the founder of the white and Christian Americas. His Indians crouch like wild animals, frightened and puzzled, and some of the explorer's Spanish sailors crawl on the ground, already hunting for gold.

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 European exploration in the Atlantic Ocean, 1486-1498.

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 European exploration in the Pacific Ocean, 1519-1780.

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 World exploration. The limitations on sea routes through the Middle East drove the trading nations of western Europe to seek alternate maritime passages to Asia. European navigators and cartographers rapidly built a map of the globe which included, by sailing west, the “New World” of the Americas and, by sailing south, a passage around Africa, linking with the Arab trading routes of the Indian Ocean. The voyages of the Ming Chinese admiral Zheng He were undertaken to demonstrate China’s strength even more than for trade.

29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 European Empires and Colonies in the Americas c. 1700

30. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Export of Tobacco from Virginia

31. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 Manila galleon route and the lands of Oceania, 1500-1800

32. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 World Population Growth, 1500-1800 CE

33. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 African kingdoms. Many states appeared in 1000–1500 in northern and western Africa, their power based on control over long- distance trade—gold, ivory, and slaves moving north; metalware, textiles, and salt carried south. Ghana, Mali, and Songhay are discussed in the text. These states, protected from marauders by the Sahara, could usually maintain their independence.

34. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 Sugar and Slavery

35. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 African Slave Exports per Century

36. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 36 Human Population Movements Enslaved Africans  To South America, North America, Caribbean European immigrants Merchants around the world Globalization

37. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 37

38. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 38 Destination of Africans in the Atlantic Slave Trade

39. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 39 The Triangular Trade in the Atlantic 1. European manufactured goods (especially firearms) sent to Africa 2. African slaves purchased and sent to Americas 3. Cash crops purchased in Americas and returned to Europe

40. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 40 Origins of Global Trade Transoceanic trade in Atlantic Ocean basin  Manufactured goods from Europe  Raw goods from Americas The Manila Galleons – “windfall for Europeans”  1565-1815 Spanish galleons dominate Pacific Ocean trade  Chinese luxury goods for American raw materials, esp. silver “Europeans bought themselves a seat on the Asian train”

41. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 41 Establishment of Trading-Post Empires Portuguese first to set up trading posts  50 by mid-16 th century Not to establish trade monopolies, rather to charge duties Alfonso d’Alboquerque major naval commander  Architect of trade duties policy; violators would have hands amptuated Yet Arab traders continue to operate Portuguese control declines by end of 16 th c.

42. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 42 European Conquests in Southeast Asia Spanish conquer Philippines, name them after King Philip II Manila becomes major port city  Influx of Chinese traders, highly resented by Spanish, Fillipinos  Frequent massacres throughout 17 th, up to 19 th century  Significant missionary activity Dutch concentrate on spice trade in Indonesia  Establish Batavia, trading post in Java  Less missionary activity

43. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 43 The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) Commercial rivalries between empires at sea Global conflict erupts: multiple theatres in Europe, India, Caribbean, North America  North America: merges with French and Indian War, 1754-1763 British emerge victorious, establish primacy in India, Canada