1. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Substance Use and Abuse Chapter 13

2. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drugs Drug Any chemical other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body Psychoactive drug A drug that can alter a person’s consciousness or experiences

3. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drugs Intoxication The state of being mentally affected by a chemical Psychoactive drugs are widely used for medical and social purposes

4. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Addictive Behavior Any habit that has gotten out of control, resulting in a negative impact on a person’s health

5. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Addictive Behavior General characteristics associated with addictive behaviors Reinforcement Compulsion or craving Loss of control Escalation Negative consequences

6. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Development of Addiction Common behaviors are potentially addictive No single cause of addiction Individual characteristics Coping abilities Environmental factors or aspects of the specific behavior or substance

7. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Examples of Addictive Behaviors Compulsive or pathological gambling An increasing problem High suicide rate Compulsive buying or shopping Internet addiction

8. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Use, Abuse and Dependence Drug (substance) Abuse A maladaptive pattern of use of any substance that persists despite adverse consequences Pattern may be intermittent, with or without physical dependence

9. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Use, Abuse and Dependence Drug Abuse Recurrent drug use, interfering with responsibilities Recurrent drug use in potential physically hazardous situations Drug - related legal problems Continued use despite social and interpersonal problems

10. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Use, Abuse and Dependence Drug (substance) Dependence A cluster of symptoms that occur in an individual who continues to use a substance despite suffering significant problems, leading to significant impairment or distress

11. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Use, Abuse and Dependence Drug Dependence Three or more of these seven symptoms 1) Developing tolerance to the substance = lower sensitivity to drug so that a given dose no longer exerts the usually effect and larger doses are needed 2) Experiencing withdrawal = symptoms that follow the interrupted use of a drug

12. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Use, Abuse and Dependence Symptoms 3) Taking the substance in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended 4) Expressing a persistent desire to cut down on or regulate substance use 5) Spending a great deal of time obtaining the substance, using the substance, or recovering from its effects

13. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Use, Abuse and Dependence Symptoms 6) Giving up or reducing important school, work, or recreational activities because of substance use 7) Continuing to use the substance in spite of recognizing that it is contributing to a psychological or physical problem

14. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Who Uses and Abuses Drugs? All income and education levels All ages and all ethnic groups Characteristics of higher - than - average risk Being male Being young Having frequent exposure to drugs Being disinterested in school Having a risk - taking personality

15. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Representative Psychoactive Drugs Opioids opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone CNS depressants alcohol, barbiturates, Xanax, Valium, Rohypnol, methaqualone, GHB CNS stimulants cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, Ritalin, ephedrine, caffeine

16. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Representative Psychoactive Drugs Cannabis products marijuana, hashish Hallucinogens LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, PCP, MDMA (ecstasy), ketamine Inhalants aerosols, solvents, nitrites, anesthetics

17. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Treatment for Drug Abuse There is no single best method of treatment Treatment programs Drug substitution Treatment centers Self - help groups Peer counseling

18. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Preventing Drug Abuse Best solution to drug abuse is prevention For young people Build self - esteem Improve academic skills Increase recreational opportunities Provide accurate information

19. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Role of Drugs in Your Life What are the risks involved? Is using the drug compatible with your goals? What are your ethical beliefs about drug use? What are the financial costs? Are you trying to solve a deeper problem?

20. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Alcohol: Immediate Effects Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) The amount of alcohol in the blood in terms of weight per unit volume Used as a measure of intoxication The body can metabolize about one - half a drink in an hour

21. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Alcohol: Immediate Effects Low doses of alcohol induce relaxation and release inhibitions High doses of alcohol have many dangerous physical and psychological effects Alcohol is the leading cause of death among people ages 15 to 24 years

22. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Effects of Chronic Use of Alcohol Reduced life expectancy Cirrhosis A disease in which the liver is severely damaged Increased risk of heart attack and cancer

23. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Effects of Chronic Use of Alcohol Psychological problems and brain damage Drinking during pregnancy Fetal alcohol syndrome A characteristic group of birth defects Alcohol - related neurodevelopmental disorder Learning and behavioral problems

24. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Alcohol Abuse The use of alcohol to a degree that causes physical damage, impairs functioning, or results in behavior harmful to others

25. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Alcohol Dependence (Alcoholism) A chronic psychological disorder, characterized by excessive and compulsive drinking Development of tolerance and withdrawal DTs (delirium tremens) State of confusion brought on by the reduction of alcohol intake in a dependent person

26. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Binge Drinking Periodically drinking alcohol to the point of severe intoxication Five or more drinks in a row for men Four or more drinks in a row for women

27. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Binge Drinking Reported by 44% of college students; 23% of students are frequent binge drinkers Binge drinking affects both drinking and nondrinking students and contributes to 1,700 deaths per year 70,000 cases of date rape per year 500,000 injuries per year

28. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Binge Drinking Percentage of Students Experiencing Problems Alcohol - Related Problem Non - Binge Frequent Binge Drinkers Drinkers Drove after drinking alcohol 18 58 Did something they regretted 17 62 Argued with friends 10 43 Missed a class 9 60 Got behind in schoolwork 9 42 Got hurt or injured 4 28 Had unprotected sex 4 21 Got into trouble with police 2 14 Had five or more of these problems since school year began 4 48 SOURCE: Wechsler, H., and B. Wuethrich. 2002. Dying to Drink: Confronting Binge Drinking on College Campuses. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale.

29. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drinking and Responsibility Examine your attitudes and behavior Drink moderately and responsibly Drink slowly and space your drinks Eat before and while drinking Know your limits and your drinks Be aware of the setting Use designated drivers Learn to enjoy activities without alcohol

30. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drinking and Responsibility Encourage responsible drinking in others Encourage responsible attitudes Be a responsible host Hold drinkers fully responsible for their behavior Take community action

31. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Tobacco Adult male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life, respectively, because they smoke Every cigarette smoked reduces life expectancy by about 11 minutes A per - pack habit costs about $3000 per year

32. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Tobacco Use: Nicotine Addiction Nicotine A poisonous, addictive substance found in tobacco and responsible for many of the effects of tobacco More than 80% of adult tobacco users started smoking before they were 18 years old

33. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chemical Process of Nicotine Addiction Nicotine stimulates the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasant feelings

34. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Health Hazards of Cigarette Smoking Chronic diseases, including heart attack, stroke, hypertension, respiratory diseases, osteoporosis, and many forms of cancer Tooth decay, gum disease, bad breath, colds, ulcers, hair loss, facial wrinkling, discolored teeth and fingers

35. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Health Hazards of Cigarette Smoking Impotence, infertility, menstrual disorders, stillbirth, low birth weight Motor vehicle crashes and fire - related injuries

36. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Other Forms of Tobacco Use Cigars and pipes Clove cigarettes and bidis Spit (smokeless) tobacco Sniff Chewing tobacco

37. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Smoke that enters the atmosphere from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe as well as smoke that is exhaled by smoker

38. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Mainstream Smoke Smoke that is inhaled by a smoker and then exhaled into the atmosphere Sidestream Smoke Smoke that enters the atmosphere from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe

39. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Effects of ETS Cancer CVD Asthma, cough, and other respiratory conditions Headache, nasal discomfort, eye irritation

40. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Children and infants are particularly vulnerable to the effects ETS Avoid ETS

42. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Smoking and Pregnancy Maternal smoking causes an estimated 4,600 infant deaths in the United States each year

43. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Smoking and Pregnancy Smoking during pregnancy is linked to Ectopic pregnancy = pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants itself in an oviduct rather than in the uterus Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Low birth weight Developmental delays, hyperactivity, short attention span, and learning problems in infants and children

44. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Action Against Tobacco Increased taxes Federal, state, and local laws to regulate tobacco use and advertisement Legal action

45. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Costs of Smoking

46. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Giving up Tobacco Since 1964, more than 50% of all adults who ever smoked have quit No single method works for everyone Many options Nicotine replacement products Anti - depressant medication Support groups

47. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.