1. Emotion October 19th, 2004 Brain Damage and Emotion
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Phineas Gage
The case of SM
Theories of Emotion
Darwin
James - Lang
Cannon - Bard
Fear
Measuring Fear
Facial expressions
Fear in non-human animals
Neural Circuits of Fear
Munch, 1893

2. Emotion Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Damage to the Medial Temporal Lobe produces:
Emotional Blunting: a flat affect and may not respond appropriately to stimuli.
Hyperphagia: extreme weight gain without a strictly monitored diet. There is a strong tendency for those with Kluver-Bucy to compulsively place inedible objects in their mouths.
Inappropriate Sexual Behavior: atypical sex behaviors, mounting inanimate objects.
Visual Agnosia: "psychic blindness," i. e. an inability to visually recognize objects.

3. Emotion Phineas Gage Phineas Gage:
From responsible, religious respectable and socially well-adapted man to an irreverent, profane and impulsive itinerant.

4. Emotion SM Urbach-Wiethe Disease SM:
A life-long pattern of social and emotional inadequacy. SM 1
Control
0.9
0.8
Urbach-Wiethe Disease
Mean Correlation with Normals
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Happy
Afraid
Disgusted
Angry
Surprised

5. Theories of Emotion Darwin: Observed…..
Innateness of emotional expression:
Expressions appear similarly in many lower animals
Expressions appear in very young children
Expressions appear identical in those born blind
Concluded…..
Expression of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal might do next.
If the signals provided by the behaviors enhance the animal’s ability to survive, they will be retained.
Opposite messages are revealed through opposite behaviors

6. Theories of Emotion James-Lange:
Emotional stimuli activate physiological reactions that are then interpreted as emotional experiences.
Cannon-Bard:
Emotional stimuli simultaneously activate physiological reactions emotional feelings.
Data……
Injections of epinephrine do not produce emotional feelings…….
Individuals with no peripheral sensation experience emotion.

7. Emotion Facial Expressions
Neutral
Anger
Disgust
Fear
Happy
Sad
Surprise

8. Emotion Facial Expressions
Happy
Anger

9. Emotion Facial Expressions
Happy
Fear
Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. The Journal of Neuroscience, 18(1),

10. Emotion A theory of Amygdala Involvement in Fear

11. Emotion Facial Expressions
Neutral
Anger
Disgust
Fear
Happy
Sad
Surprise

12. Emotion Facial Expressions
Neutral
Anger
Disgust
Fear
Happy
Sad
Surprise

13. Emotion Fear Human Rodent Central State of Fear D heart rate
Decreased appetite
Increased startle
Defecation
Decreased pain reactivity
D motor activity
Rodent
Increase heart rate
Decreased appetite
Increased startle
Increased motility
Decreased pain reactivity
Decrease motor activity
Central State of Fear

14. Laboratory Procedures for Measuring Fear and Anxiety in Rodents
Pavlovian Fear Conditioning
Auditory Stimulus
D heart rate
decreased salivation
increased startle
defecation
hypoalgesia
D Activity
Central State of Fear
&
Shock

15. Emotion Laboratory Procedures for Measuring Fear
Pavlovian Fear Conditioning
Auditory Stimulus
D heart rate
decreased salivation
increased startle
defecation
hypoalgesia
D Activity
Central State of Fear

16. Emotion Damage to the Amygdala Interferes with Fear4 2
Untrained
Amygdala Lesion -2
Mean % Change From Pre CS Baseline -4
Sham -6 -8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Five Trial Blocks
Kapp, B. S., Frysinger, R. C., Gallagher, M., & Haselton, J. R. (1979). Amygdala central nucleus lesions: effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit. Physiology & Behavior, 23,

17. Emotion Amygdala Damage Interferes with Conditioned Fear
Measure of Fear Species Lesion Reference
D heart rate rabbit electrolytic ACE Kapp et al (1979)
rat electrolytic ACE Sananes et al (1989)
rabbit electrolytic ACE /BLA Powell et al (1997)
rat electrolytic ACE Young & Leaton (1996)
Increased blood pressure rat excitotoxic ACE Iwata et al (1986)
Decreased pain reactivity rat electrolytic ACE/BLA Helmsteter (1992)
rat electrolytic ACE/BLA Watkins et al (1993)
Increased startle rat electrolytic ACE Hitchcock & Davis (1987)
rat excitotoxic BLA Sananes & Davis (1992)
rat reversible ACE/BLA Kim et al (1993)
rat excitotoxic ACE/BLA Campeau & Davis (1995)
rat electrolytic ACE Falls & Davis (1995)
mouse electrolytic BLA Heldt et al (2000)
Freezing rat electrolytic ACE Blanchard & Blanchard (1972)
rat electrolytic ACE LeDoux et al (1988)
rat reversible Helmsteter (1992)
rat electrolytic ACE Kim et al (1993)
rat excitotoxic BLA Cousins & Otto (1998)
rat excitotoxic BLA Maren (1998)
mouse electrolytic BLA Desmendt et al (1998)

18. Emotion Amygdala Damage in Humans is Associated with Deficits in Conditioned FearB. SM
2.5
Normal 2
1.5
SCR Magnitude 1
0.5
Urbach-Wiethe Disease
Habit.
Cond.
Test 1
Test 2
Bechara, A., Tranle, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs, R., Rocklan, C., & Damasio, A. R. (1995). Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocmapus in humans. Science, 269,

19. Emotion Human Amygdala Activation in Fear Conditioning
LaBar, K. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (1998). Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear-acquisition and extinction: a mixed-trial fMRI study. Neuron, 20, Bar, et al (1998). Neuron, 20,

20. Emotion Pathways Mediating Conditioned Fear
Tectum
Thalamus
Cortex
dMNV
Amygdala
Auditory Stimulus LA
BLA CE
PAG
PnC
Shock US
Thalamus
Cortex

21. Emotion Pathways Mediating Conditioned Fear

22. The Amygdala, Facial Expression, & Racial Bias

23. The Amygdala, Facial Expression, & Racial Bias