1. 1 Windows 2003 Products family (Week 3, Monday 1/22/2007) © Abdou Illia, Spring 2007

2. 2 Learning Objective Understand basic functions of OS Describe features of Windows Server 2003 Detail differences between Windows 2003 product family members

3. 3 Operating Systems? System software routines that sits between application programs and hardware to provide: Interface function Key support services User Application program Operating system Hardware Interfaces User communicates w/App. Prg. App. Prg communicates w/OS OS communicates w/Hardware All App. Prg access Hardware through OS according to rules imposed by OS Examples of support services: -Communications w/peripheral devices -Launching a program -Copying a file -Creating a directory -Opening a file

4. 4 OS: Primary components User interface (shell) File management Device management Processor (or process) management Memory management Communication services Shell Provides mechanism for user and App. Prg to communicates w/OS and request OS support File management Allows the user to create, delete, modify, and manipulate files. Device management Controls communications w/peripheral devices Processor management Manages processor’s time Memory management Manages system’s memory Communication services Manages comm. Between OS layers and intercomputer communications.

5. 5 OS at work Shell File management Device management Hardware Operating system’s layers Open Application program layer Steps for opening a file 1. User select File/Open from menu 2. App. Prg. calls the Open routine in the OS’s Shell 3. Shell passes the Open request to File management layer 4. File management layer determines where the requested file is located 5. If file on local computer, request is passed to Device management layer 6. Device management communicates with Hardware layer. Line command interface Graphical User interface Voice- activated interface Other OS layers Operating System User interface layer

6. 6 Common Features Multiprocessing  Ability to support multiple processors (CPUs)  Can simultaneously run as many processes (or threads) as there are CPUs  Administrator can adjust priority levels to give preferred applications more processor time. Processor RAM Cache Processor Cache Dual CPU System

7. 7 Common Features (Cont.) Multithreading  A code design in which individual tasks can operate as separate executable modules called threads*.  Multiple applications (and multiple threads) can be active, but technically, only one thread can be processed at a time in a Single- CPU system  Switching between treads happens so quickly that multiple applications seem to be running at the same time. Single CPU System * Multi-Thread applications Versus Single-Tread applications Thread 2 Thread 3 Thread 4.... Thread 1 Threads being processed Active Threads Thread 2 Thread 3 Thread 4 …

8. 8 Common Features (Cont.) Multitasking: Processing multiple tasks simultaneously  Cooperative Multitasking  A mode of CPU operation in which individual applications take control over the CPU as long as they like.  Could lead to a hung system, should an application fails to release control over the CPU.  Preemptive Multitasking  A mode of CPU operation in which the OS maintains strict control over how long any thread can take possession of the CPU.

9. 9 Windows XP/2003 Family Workstation A Workstation B Workstation C Server A family of Operating Systems from Microsoft:  Windows XP Client Operating Systems  Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition  Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition  Windows Server 2003, DataCenter Edition  Windows Server 2003, Web Edition

10. 10 Windows XP Product Family XP Professional: optimized for 32-bit processors XP 64-bit Edition: optimized for 64-bit processors XP Media Center Edition: optimized to maximize users’ experience with video, audio, images, TV, CD/DVD playback XP Tablet PC Edition: improved speech and pen capabilities XP Home Edition. Same as XP Professional, but doesn’t support: Encryption File System (EFS), Domain Client capability, Offline files, Internet Protocol Security (IPSec), Remote Desktop, Internet Information Service. Win XP Professional Features

11. 11 Windows Server 2003 Features Standard Edition Enterprise Edition

12. 12 Windows Server 2003 Features DataCenter Edition Web Edition

13. 13 Other Windows 2003 versions Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003  Released in June 2006  Designed for computers to be clustered together to achieve supercomputing speeds Windows Storage Server 2003  Optimized for file and print sharing and for Storage Area Network (SAN) Windows Home Server  Announced on January 7, 2007 at the Consumer Electronics Show by Bill Gates  For homes with multiple connected PCs to offer file sharing, automated backups, and remote access Source: wikipedia.org

14. 14 Features in Windows 2003 Active Directory (AD) services Enhanced security (using Kerberos and IPSec) Encrypting file system (EFS) Fault-tolerance (disk, configuration errors recovery, etc.) Clustering and Network Load balancing support System Resource Management FAT32, NTFS, CDFS*, UDF* support * CD File System and Universal Disk Format for storing files on optical media

15. 15 Difference between Win XP/2003 OS Common OS functions No Disk Fault- tolerance Good for managing a network with a few computers in a Workgroup Disk Fault-Tolerance Active Directory Clustering Network Load-Balancing Workstation OS Network Operating systems

16. 16 Disk fault tolerance Fault tolerance achieved through disk redundancy Disk redundancy can be accomplished:  by installing backup disk  Through Software RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)  The OS manages the disks of the array through normal disk controller  Through Hardware RAID  Requires a special-purpose RAID controller RAID’s basic idea is  To mirror a disk (i.e. to have a disk and its identical image) or  To spread (or strip) data across many disks Server’s capability to continue functioning in case of disk failure RAID Controller Server Disk1 Disk3 Disk1

17. 17 RAID RAID 0 Strips data across multiple disk No redundancy Advantage: Fast data access through multiple reads Disadvantage: Loosing one disk results in loosing data on all disks RAID 1 Doesn’t strip data across many disk Mirrors data between two disks Data kept synchronized between two disks Advantage: Fault-tolerance, i.e. If one disk fails, the other continue working until failed disk can be replaced Disadvantage: Only half of available storage space is used. Note: RAID 1 is called Mirrored volumes in W2003 Server implementation of RAID

18. 18 RAID RAID 3 Spreads data across multiple disks and uses ECC bits for recovery purpose in case of problem ECC bits determined based on data stored on data disks If one data disk fails, disk controller automatically regenerates missing data Data spread across these disks Last disk contains ECC* data for disks 1-4 * Error Checking and Correcting Note: RAID 3 is called RAID-5 volumes in W2003 Server implementation of RAID

19. 19 W2003 Disk-Fault tolerance C: G: Ftdisk.sys Data Mirrored volume Parity RAID-5 volume Disk 1Disk 2Disk 3

20. 20 Directory Service Provides: Single login and Resource lookup.

21. 21 Active Directory Central Database that store information about all Network resources Tools for performing central management of users, groups, security services, and network resources (create, find, add, remove, configure etc.) Central Database used for:  Resource lookup (Searching for specific resources)  User authentication (login)

22. 22 Active Directory Individual resources are called objects Objects belong to a Classes Each Class has its own attributes & properties User accountsComputersPrintersDomains Object classes Object name Object unique Identifier Required attributes Optional attributes Parent relationship Username User’s full name Password Account description Remote access OK Username: John Full mane: Johnny Doe Passord: 12#$ms Description: Consultant in Sales depart.

23. 23 Clustering Technique for providing uninterrupted service (even in case of hardware/software failure) Combining two or more servers into one virtual server Services installed on external storage Users connect to the virtual server (167.10.11.5 in illustration) One of the clustered servers provides the service at a time

24. 24 Network Load Balancing Network Load balancing = Distributing the load among multiple servers No use of External disk that contain the services Multiple independent servers configured to participate in the load balancing Same service with the same content on each server Users connect to the virtual server (167.10.11.5 in illustration) Users’ requests are redirected to one server at a time so that the load is distributed among all the servers Webservice Virtual server 167.10.11.5

25. 25 Summary Questions Technically, more than one executable module (thread) can run at the same time in a single CPU system. TF Preemptive Multitasking refers to mode of CPU operation in which individual applications take control over the CPU as long as they like TF Software RAID requires a RAID controller, whereas Hardware RAID can be implemented with a conventional disk controller TF A server with a Hardware RAID 0 type of disk system that includes three physical disks cannot provide disk fault-tolerance TF Two physical disks are usually used to implement hardware RAID 1 or software RAID 1, but it could be implemented using a single disk TF With Network Load Balancing, the service is installed on an external disk to which all participating servers are connected TF A Windows Server 2003 Web Edition system could not be a domain controller in a network with Active Directory services installed. TF

26. 26 Summary Questions Which of the following is a Workstation OS? a)Windows XP Professional b)Windows 2000 Professional c)Windows 2003 DataCenter d)Windows Me You are setting up a network for a company. The major concern of the company’s CEO is being able to provide (1) a continuous database service to its 300 employees as well as (2) a reliable web-based ordering service to its customers all around the world whatever happens. a)What feature(s) found in Windows 2003 family products could help the company to provide uninterrupted database and ordering services? Explain. b)Which Microsoft Windows 2003 operating system will you use to implement the two services? Why?

27. 27 Summary Questions Which of the following Windows Server 2003 OS could be used to implement clustering with four nodes? a)Windows Server 2003, Web Edition b)Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition c)Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition d)Windows Server 2003, DataCenter Edition

28. 28 I 2 O Architecture I 2 O = Intelligent Input/Output Moves some I/O processing activities from CPU to processors on peripherals designed for I 2 O architectures (e.g. Hard drives) One general device driver for all I 2 O- compliant devices Increased speed Win 2000 Kermel OS Service ModuleHardware Device Module I 2 O Adapter with processor

29. 29 Disk Contention architecture Disk Contention: # of simultaneous Read/Write requests Could be handled through the design of disk storage Primary design issues:  Disk Access Time (≤10 ms)  Data Transfer Rate (in MBps)  Type of Disk Controller (IDE, SCSI, Fiber Channel) Disk Drive Disk Controller Server