1. The French and Indian War The Seven Years War 1754-1763
2 clichés of Indians
Idyllic and peaceful
Savages
Natives fought for territory, resources, and tribal afflictions.

2. The French and Indian War The Seven Years War 1754-1763
Indian Warfare: They do not fight in formations. They use fluent tactics. (Guerilla Warfare)
Indians arranged purposes.
Rituals of counting Coup.
War paint, and scalping.
Modern surrender.
More stealth.
Scalking into war.

3. The French and Indian War The Seven Years War 1754-1763
British and French Way of War

4. The French and Indian War The Seven Years War 1754-1763
Strategy of War is an Art
Tactics-The theory of the use of military forces in combat. (Clausewitz)
Strategy- The theory of the use of combat for the object of war. (Clausewitz)
2 types of War.
Those that seek to overthrow
Those that seek to merely achieve some conquest on the frontiers of the enemy’s country or land.

5. The French and Indian War The Seven Years War 1754-1763
2 kinds of military strategy
Strategy of annihilation- which seeks to overthrow the enemy’s military power.
Strategy of attrition- exhaustion, or erosion, which is usually employed by strategists who’s means are not great enough to permit pursuit of the direct overthrow of the enemy and who therefore, resorts to an indirect approach.

6. The French and Indian War The Seven Years War 1754-1763
French and Indian War ( ), the last of four North American wars waged from 1689 to 1763 between the British and the French. In these struggles, each country fought for control of the continent with the assistance of Native American and colonial allies. The French and Indian War differed from previous confrontations, however. The earlier wars consisted primarily of skirmishes between small regular units of the European powers aided by local militiamen. The French and Indian War was part of a "great war for empire," a determined and eventually successful attempt by the British to attain a dominant position in North America, the West Indies, and the subcontinent of India. Although the French and Indian War began in America, it expanded into Europe as the Seven Years' War (

7. The French and Indian War The Seven Years War 1754-1763
The first of these conflicts was King William’s War ( ), known in Europe as the War of the League of Augsburg. In North America, this war consisted of a number of skirmishes that produced no changes in territory. The New England militia and their Native American allies, the Iroquois, fought against French troops and their Algonquian Native American allies on the northern frontier in the American colonies and in Canada. The New Englanders captured Port Royal, the capital of French Acadia (now the portion of Canada that includes Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island), but the Treaty of Ryswick (1697) that ended the war in Europe also returned Acadia to France.

8. The French and Indian War The Seven Years War 1754-1763
The next conflict was Queen Anne’s War ( ), known in Europe as the War of the Spanish Succession During this war, the French and British again fought battles along the New England frontier. However, the northern region of New York remained quiet because the Iroquois adopted a policy of “aggressive neutrality,” selling furs to both the French and the English but refusing to fight for either side. The major battle was a British and colonial attempt to capture Québec in Although the expedition failed, Britain used victories in Europe to gain significant additional territory in the Peace of Utrecht ( ).

9. The French and Indian War The Seven Years War 1754-1763
A new conflict, King George’s War ( ), began outside of North America in 1739 when Spain tried to halt commerce between its North American colonies and Britain. This trade war became part of a general European conflict, the War of Austrian Succession ( ). In 1745 New England militiamen captured the French naval fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island (near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River), but the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) returned the fortress to France.

10. French and Indian War

11. French and Indian War

12. TimeLine French & Indian
1753
France and Great Britain vie for the Ohio Valley
French troops from Canada march south to seize and fortify the Ohio Valley. Britain protests the invasion and claims Ohio for itself. Governor Dinwiddie sends Major George Washington to warn the French to leave the region.

13. TimeLine French & Indian
1754
May
French and Indian War begins
Ensign de Jumonville and a third of his escort are killed by a British patrol led by George Washington and aided by Half-King, an Iroquois.

14. TimeLine French & Indian
1754
July
Battle of Fort Necessity
The French and the Indians defeat the British at Fort Necessity. Washington surrenders after losing one-third of his force.

15. TimeLine French & Indian
1755
June 
Acadians expelled from Nova Scotia
British troops, commanded by Colonel Robert Monckton, capture Fort Beauséjour, enabling the plan to expel Acadians from Nova Scotia to begin.

16. TimeLine French & Indian
1755
July
Braddock defeated at Battle of Monongahela or the Wilderness, dies
British troops commanded by Major General Edward Braddock are defeated in the Battle of the Monongahela. Braddock is mortally wounded.

17. TimeLine French & Indian
1755
September 
Stalemate at Fort William Henry
British troops commanded by William Johnson stop the French advance at Lake George. Lake George would remain the front line between the two empires for the next four years.

18. TimeLine French & Indian
1756
World at war
The Seven Years' War begins as Great Britain declares war on France, expanding the North American conflict to Europe, Africa, Asia and South America

19. TimeLine French & Indian
1757
French capture Fort William Henry, British massacred!
The French, led by Montcalm, capture Fort William Henry. Following the surrender, Montcalm's actions anger his Indian allies who capture or kill hundreds of unarmed British.

20. TimeLine French & Indian
1758
March 
Pitt changes colonial policy; Wants to receive more colonial support for the war.

21. TimeLine French & Indian
1758
July
British capture Fort Louisbourg, tide shifts British capture the French fortress at Louisbourg, opening the St. Lawrence River and the water route to Canada. The French are in danger of losing Canada to the British.  

22. TimeLine French & Indian
1758
August
French lose Fort Frontenac, supplies in jeopardy British capture Fort Frontenac, effectively cutting off all supplies to the French forts in the Ohio River Valley and further west.

23. TimeLine French & Indian
1758
October 
Treaty of Easton signed
The Treaty of Easton is signed with the Six Nations. The British promised no new settlements west of the Alleghenies in return for neutrality in the war and the release of prisoners.

24. TimeLine French & Indian
1758
November
British take Fort Duquesne French abandon Fort Duquesne and the British take control of the Forks of the Ohio. Brigadier General John Forbes establishes a British fort, Fort Pitt or Pittsburgh

25. TimeLine French & Indian
1759
 July
French lose Fort Niagara. British, helped by Iroquois allies, defeat the French at Fort Niagara.

26. TimeLine French & Indian
1760
British win Canada, war in North America ends
The British capture Montréal, ending the French and the British conflict in North America. The fighting continues in other parts of the world for three more years.

27. TimeLine French & Indian
Once the Iroquois League broke 50 years of neutrality by aligning themselves with the British, the Crown was able to win the war. The Six Nations helped win Montréal and Canada by acting as diplomats on behalf the British to the Canadian Mohawk, convincing them to not aid the French

28. TimeLine French & Indian
1763
February 10 
Seven Years' War ends, Britain victorious. The Treaty of Paris ends the war between Britain and France. France gives up eastern Louisiana and all Canadian possessions.

29. TimeLine French & Indian
1763
October 7
Proclamation of 1763 enacted
King George III signs the Proclamation of 1763, reserving land west of the Allegheny Mountains for Indians.

30. Forts And Battle of the War

31. Fort Necessity
Fort Necessity-After returning to the great meadows, Washington decided it prudent to reinforce his position. Supposedly named by Washington as Fort Necessity or Fort of Necessity, the crude palisade they erected was hoped to be at least temporarily sufficient to protect their position.

32. Fort Necessity
On July 3, 1754, 600 French troops led by Capt. Louis Coulon de Villiers, the brother of Jumonville, along with 100 Indians, attacked the fort. Throughout the day, heavy rain swamped the low lying fort making the use of firearms difficult and ruining much of the gunpowder and provisions.

33. Fort Necessity
Late in the day, seeing that their position was untenable, Washington accepted a truce which allowed the peaceful withdrawal of his forces which he completed on July 4, The French subsequently occupied the fort and then burned

34. Fort Beauséjour
Fort Beauséjour was among the northernmost and easternmost of a series of French forts in North America which were built along the Mississippi and Ohio valleys and in the Great Lakes to contain British expansion into French territory.

35. Fort Beauséjour
On June 4, 1755 a force of British regulars and New England militia attacked Fort Beauséjour under command of Lt. Col. Robert Monckton. The British-led force took control of the fort June 16, 1755, after which they changed the name to Fort Cumberland. In August 1755, the British expulsion of the Acadians began under the orders of Governor of Nova Scotia

36. Braddock expedition
July 1755, was a failed British attempt to capture the French Fort Duquesne.
General Braddock led the main thrust, commanding two regiments (about 1,350 men) and about 500 regular soldiers and militiamen from several British American colonies. With these men Braddock expected to seize Fort Duquesne

37. Braddock expedition
On July 9, 1755, Braddock's men crossed the Monongahela, the entire column dissolved in disorder as the French and Indians enveloped them and continued to fire from the woods and ravines on the sides of the road.

38. Braddock expedition
After three hours of intense battle, Braddock was mortally wounded, and resistance collapsed
Of the approximately 1,460 men Braddock had led into battle, 456 were killed and 421 wounded
The roughly 250 French and Canadians had 8 killed and 4 wounded; their 637 Indian allies lost but 15 killed and 12 wounded.

39. Fort William Henry was commanded by British Lt. Colonel George Munro.
The fort was attacked by the French in August of Following a heavy bombardment and siege by French troops under the command of General Marquis de Montcalm.

40. Fort William Henry
The garrison was forced to surrender when their relief columns from the south could not break through the attackers. French forces totaled some 8,000 consisting of about 3,000 regulars, 3,000 militia and nearly 2,000 Native Americans. British forces totaled only 2,200.

41. Fortress Louisbourg
In 1758 a British expedition under General Jeffrey Amherst besieged the fortress, beginning on June 8. The British had 39 ships with about 14,000 sailors, and a further landing force of 12,870 soldiers. The fortress was defended by 10 French ships with 3,870 sailors, and another 3,920 soldiers inside the fortress itself.

42. Fortress Louisbourg
The 48-day siege ended with the French surrender on July 26, clearing the way for a British expedition to take New France at Quebec. Britain control of the entire Atlantic seaboard.

43. Fort Duquesne
Fort Duquesne was a fort established by the French in 1754, at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers in what is now downtown Pittsburgh in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.
The French held Fort Duquesne during the War, and it became one of the focal points for that war because of its strategic river location in disputed territory

44. Fort Duquesne
James Grant attacked in September of 1758 it was repulsed with heavy losses. Two months later, on November 25, General John Forbes captured the site after the French destroyed Fort Duquesne the day before. The British rebuilt the fort and renamed it Fort Pitt.

45. Fort Niagara
Fort Niagara is a three hundred-year-old fortification originally built to protect the interests of New France in northern North America.
The fort played a significant part in the French and Indian War, and fell to the British in a nineteen day siege in July 1759.

46. British capture Montreal
The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Quebec) fought September 13, 1759, was a decisive battle in that it led the British to clearing the last remaining French obstacle for the British navy on the St. Lawrence River, the battle of Québec essentially opened up all of New France to British control. In 1760 the British completed the conquest by capturing Montreal.

47. British Identities

48. Edward Braddock1695 – 1755
General of British Forces in North America 1755.
was dispatched to reduce French forts that had been erected on Pennsylvania's western frontier. Marching from Virginia to Fort Duquesne, he was ambushed on the Monongahela River by a combined French and Native American force.

49. George Washington
Lt. Colonel of the Virginia Regiment in an expedition to western Pennsylvania.
Washington served as a volunteer aide to General Braddock in 1755
After the fall of Ft. Duquesne, he left the army

50. Robert Dinwiddie
Governor of Virginia
He was also a member of the Ohio Company of Virginia
He asked Washington to go to Fort LeBoeuf to ask the French to leave
as Lieutenant Governor are cited as precipitating the French and Indian War

51. Thomas Gage 1721-1787 Lt. Colonel
In 1754, Gage was assigned to North America
he joined the disastrous Braddock campaign
was named the military governor of Montréal in 1760
highest ranking British official in the colonies at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War.

52. George II
King of Great Britain
The Seven Years' War continued after George II's death into the reign of his grandson, George III
the expense of the conflict drained the royal finances. British attempts to tax the Americans would not be successful.

53. William Pitt
Earl of Chatham
Popular in America during the French and Indian war.
When war was going poorly he ending some bitter political feuds with colonial governors
Changes colonial policy and wants more support.

54. Jeffery Amherst
General
In 1758, he assisted in the capture Fort Louisburg then succeeded James Abercrombie as commander in chief in North America.

55. James Abercrombie
Commander-in-Chief 1757
commanded a brigade at Louisbourg in 1757
At Fort Ticonderoga he lost 2000 during the assault and retreated south of Lake George.
He was replaced by Amherst

56. George Monro
Colonel
Fort William Henry command
Fort fell to Montcalm’s forces. Monro had to surrender and agreed to favorable terms of capitulation.
Killed in ambush by Indians.

57. John Bradstreet
Major General
took a force across Lake Ontario and captured the French stronghold of Fort Frontenac.

58. James A. Wolfe 1727-1759 Brigadier General
In 1758 he captured the Fortress Louisbourg
Following a three-month siege of Quebec, his troops launched an amphibious assault and met the troops on Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham.
The British carried the day, but Wolfe died of his wounds

59. French Identities

60. De Jumonville
Ensign
Jumonville and his escort were ambushed by British under the command Washington.
was killed by the Half-King. Jumonville's death was the spark that ignited the war.

61. Louis XV
King of France
Louis XV was left with no choice but to enter the Seven Years War. The results saw a decline in the French empire

62. Marquis de Montcalm 1712-1759 Major General
In 1756 he was sent to Canada as commander-in-chief of the French force
His army was successful at Fort William Henry.
He repulsed the British attack on Fort Ticonderoga
He defended Quebec but was defeated at the battle of the Plains of Abraham where he was mortally wounded.

63. Indian Identities

64. French Allies Algonquin
From 1603 they allied themselves with the French under Samuel de Champlain
Algonkin warriors continued to fight in alliance with France until the British conquest of Quebec in 1760

65. French Allies
Huron
Americans often do not realize that Huron and Wyandot are the same people. Originally, more than a dozen Iroquoian-speaking tribes of southern Ontario referred to themselves as Wendat meaning "island people" or "dwellers on a peninsula."

66. French Allies Con’t
The French, however, called members of a four-tribe confederacy Huron, a derogatory name derived from their word "hure" meaning rough or ruffian. This has persisted as their usual name in Canada.

67. Tanaghrisson c
The Half King
was chosen to represent the Six Nations in the Ohio Valley.
wounded Ensign Jumonville, "Thou are not dead yet my father." Then he raised his tomahawk and killed him.

68. British Allies The Iroquois Confederacy
sided with the British against the French and their Algonquin allies, both traditional enemies of the Iroquois

69. Six Nations-Iroquois Member Nations Seneca Cayuga Onondaga Oneida
Mohawk
Tuscarora