1. Permanent settlements, transportation dramatically change where wildlife can survive Humans move around a lot of species to areas they were never found before Technological advances – allow us to harvest more wildlife Pollution from human activities directly and indirectly (climate change) influences wildlife Wildlife in the Modern World

2. Where we’ve been so far... Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation Biological invasions Overexploitation Climate change

3. Where we’re going the rest of the way... Protecting wildlife –Protected Areas, Protected Species, role of zoos, and so on Conservation ethics So you want to be a wildlife researcher? Requests??

4. A little bit on Protected Areas: How do we protect wildlife from human pressures? How do we establish lasting protection? What might undermine our efforts?

5. Historical overview of protected areas use by traditional cultures national protected areas –1 st in world: Yellowstone (1864) and Yosemite (1872) primary motivation –landscapes contemporary motivation –protect biodiversity current state: 19 million km 2 on land (12.7%)

6. Definition: protected area (IUCN) “an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means” management intent varies –strict protection ↔ sustainable extraction

7. U.S. Protected Areas National Park National Forest BLM managed Wilderness area National Wildlife Refuge

8. Purposes of protected areas protect focal sp. / spp. protect biodiversity (spp. richness, endemism) protect large, functioning ecosystems BUT… how do we go about prioritizing?

9. Urbanization Trends Wildlife responses (types: avoiders,adapters,exploiters) Diversity patterns Cougars in the urban world Pale Male : NYC RTH Urban Ecology What is it? Smart growth/urban planning Examples of urban ecology research Bats! Major Topics to review for 2 nd mid-term

10. Migration What is it Types How they do it Ways we study it Examples and conservation concerns Invasive Species What they are, why a concern, what we can do Background rates for invasion and extinction vs modern day rates How they happen (vectors, and characteristics of a good invader) Examples of invaders and impacts they can have Evolution What it is, natural selection, examples, implications for wildlife conservation

11. Climate change What it is, how different relative to background levels How we study it Impacts on wildlife Range change Demography Phenology Community assembly and species interactions Snow Leopard research and conservation efforts