1. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré1 Measurements of CsI(Tl) Crystals with PMT and APD Jean Peyré Milano - Oct 2006

2. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré2 1.Characteristics of CsI( Tl ), PMT and APD 2.Measurements on CsI( Tl ) a)CsI (Tl) /Teflon + XP5300B 137 Cs b)CsI (Tl) /VM2000 + XP5300B 137 Cs c)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs d)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs e)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co f)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co 3.Conclusions

3. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré3 1.Characteristics of CsI( Tl ), PMT and APD 2.Measurements on CsI( Tl ) a)CsI (Tl) /Teflon + XP5300B 137 Cs b)CsI (Tl) /VM2000 + XP5300B 137 Cs c)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs d)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs e)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co f)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co 3.Conclusions

4. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré4 PM tubes APD Crystals: CsI(Tl), BGO, Others? Measurements on Crystals with PMT and APD: What was foreseen ASIC preamp Analyse of Data T°C studies?

5. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré5 What we have got CsI(Tl) CrystalsAPD S8664-1010 PMT 4 CsI( Tl ) crystals from Saint-Gobain PM tubes from Photonis (XP1912 and XP5300B) APD from Panda APD S8664-1010 (Hamamatsu)

6. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré6 CsI( Tl ) Crystals 4 Sizes: 22x22x22 mm 3, 22x22x220 mm 3, 44x22x200 mm 3, 66x22x200 mm 3, wrapped with Teflon polished only on exit face, rough on others. CsI( Tl ) Crystals 22x22x22mm 3 22x22x220mm 3 44x22x200mm 3 66x22x200mm 3

7. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré7 Typical emission spectra of CsI( Tl ) Light yield (54 000 photons / MeV) Max emission = 550nm

8. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré8 Decrease time of CsI( Tl ) Decrease time of 3,5 μ s for 662 keV- γ ray

9. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré9 Non-linearity of CsI( Tl ) Ref: [1] P. Dorenbos, J. T. M. de Haas, C. W. E. van Eijk, Non-proportionality in the Scintillation Response and Energy Resolution Obtainable with Scintillation Crystals, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 42, pp. 2190-2202, 1995

10. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré10 Photonis PMT XP1912  Ø 19 mm (Active area 176mm 2 ), bialkaly XP5300B  Ø 76 mm, green extended bialkaly Quantum efficiency »XP1912 28% at 420nm, 14% at 550nm »XP5300B 34% at 420nm, 24% at 550nm XP5300B XP1912 PMT:

11. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré11 Typical Spectral Characteristics of PMT XP5300B XP1912 CsI(Tl) Arbitrary vertical value for CsI(Tl) PMT: ~x2

12. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré12 Typical Spectral Characteristics of Hamamatsu Panda APD APD S8664-1010 APD from Panda APD S8664-1010 (Hamamatsu) Active area 100mm 2 CsI(Tl) Arbitrary vertical value for CsI(Tl) Quantum efficiency 70% at 420nm, 85% at 550nm APD:

13. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré13 Other Characteristics of Hamamatsu Panda APD Typical output capacitor ~270pF APD S8664-1010 T°=20°C M=50 at 380V M=74 at 400V APD:

14. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré14 Resolution you can obtain with CsI( Tl ) With PMT: R: global resolution R S : scintillator resolution (~4%)* R M : Photomultiplier resolution** v(M): variance of the PMT gain (~0,1) N: Number of photoelectrons *Ref: [1], [3], [4], [5], **Ref: [1], [2], [3] N phéRM pmtRS scintR 9008,62%4,00%9,50% 9508,39%4,00%9,29% 10008,17%4,00%9,10% 20005,78%4,00%7,03% 30004,72%4,00%6,19% 40004,09%4,00%5,72% 50003,66%4,00%5,42% 60003,34%4,00%5,21%

15. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré15 Resolution you can obtain with CsI( Tl ) R: global resolution* ΔN/N e-h : statistical fluctuation of the APD gain Δ noise /N e-h : Noise contribution (dark noise) F: excess noise factor N e-h : Number of primary electron-hole pairs With APD: *Ref: [4]

16. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré16 Resolution you can obtain with CsI( Tl ) With APD: For F=2 and noise 40 e-RMS (shaping time 3uS): N (é-h)Fluc GainNoiseRS scintR 100010,51%9,40%4,00%14,66% 20007,43%4,70%4,00%9,66% 30006,07%3,13%4,00%7,91% 40005,25%2,35%4,00%7,01% 60004,29%1,57%4,00%6,07% 80003,72%1,18%4,00%5,58% 100003,32%0,94%4,00%5,28% 120003,03%0,78%4,00%5,08%

17. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré17 References 1.[1] P. Dorenbos, J. T. M. de Haas, C. W. E. van Eijk, Non- proportionality in the Scintillation Response and Energy Resolution Obtainable with Scintillation Crystals, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 42, pp. 2190-2202, 1995 2.[2] M. Moszynski, Inorganic scintillation detectors in Gamma-ray spectrometry, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 505 (2003) 101-110, 2003 3.[3] M. Moszynski, M. Kapusta, D. Wolski, M. Szawlowski, W. Klamra, Energy Resolution of Scintillation Detectors with LAAP and PMT, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 45, pp. 472-477, 1998 4.[4] P. Schotanus, R. Kamermans, P. Dorenbos, Scintillation characteristics of pure and Tl-doped Crystals, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 37, pp. 177- 182, 1990 5.[5] M. Moszynski, M. Szawlowski, M. Kapusta,M. Balcerzyk, Avalanche photodiodes in scintillation detection, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 497 (2003) 226-233, 2002

18. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré18 1.Characteristics of CsI( Tl ), PMT and APD 2.Measurements on CsI( Tl ) a)CsI (Tl) /Teflon + XP5300B 137 Cs b)CsI (Tl) /VM2000 + XP5300B 137 Cs c)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs d)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs e)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co f)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co 3.Conclusions Characterisation of CsI( Tl )

19. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré19 Experimental setup Lead collimator Source Crystal Photomultiplier Wooden black box Translation of source Source Lead collimator XP5300B

20. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré20 Experimental setup Photomultiplier XP5300B Crystal wrapped with Teflon

21. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré21 Experimental setup γ rays Light emission Charge preamplifier + Shaper + ADC + Data Acquisition on PC PMT XP5300B has 8 stages. Charge preamplifier connected to 5 th stage Cf= 24 pF, Shaping time 3 μs Cf XP5300B

22. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré22 137 Cs peak at 662 keV 137 Cs peak Compton Edge 0,662 MeV

23. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré23 Results CsI(Tl)+Teflon+XP5300B+ 137 Cs RS=5,5%±0,2 except for crystal 22x22x220: RS~7% Global Resolution is quite constant along the Crystal Variation from 14% to 38% of collected light along the Crystal Resolution FWHM Collected light for 137Cs peak VS position of impact

24. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré24 1.Characteristics of CsI( Tl ), PMT and APD 2.Measurements on CsI( Tl ) a)CsI (Tl) /Teflon + XP5300B 137 Cs b)CsI (Tl) /VM2000 + XP5300B 137 Cs c)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs d)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs e)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co f)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co 3.Conclusions Characterisation of CsI( Tl )

25. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré25 Experimental setup Crystal wrapped with VM2000

26. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré26 Results CsI(Tl )+VM2000+XP5300B+ 137 Cs RS=4,7%±0,1 for cube and 44x22x200, RS=5,6%±0,1for 22x22x220 & 66x22x200 Global Resolution is quite constant along the Crystal Variation from 7% to 20% of collected light along the Crystal Collected light for 137Cs peak VS position of impact Resolution FWHM

27. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré27 Results CsI( Tl )+XP5300B+ 137 Cs VM2000 chosen for all next tests Problem with 22x22x22O CsI(Tl) crystal Collected light for 137Cs peak VS position of impact

28. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré28 1.Characteristics of CsI( Tl ), PMT and APD 2.Measurements on CsI( Tl ) a)CsI (Tl) /Teflon + XP5300B 137 Cs b)CsI (Tl) /VM2000 + XP5300B 137 Cs c)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs d)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs e)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co f)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co 3.Conclusions Tests with small light detectors

29. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré29 Experimental setup Crystal wrapped with VM2000 Output face closed and adapted to XP1912

30. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré30 Results CsI( Tl )+VM2000+XP1912+ 137 Cs RS=5%±0,1 for cube Variation from 7% to 14% of collected light along the Crystal Resolution is quite constant along the Crystal Collected light for 137Cs peak VS position of impact Resolution FWHM

31. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré31 Results CsI( Tl )+VM2000+XP1912+ 137 Cs Closed output face is necessary Collected light for 137Cs peak VS position of impact CLOSED NOT CLOSED

32. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré32 Results for PMT/VM2000+ 137 Cs Collected light for 137Cs peak VS position of impact

33. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré33 1.Characteristics of CsI( Tl ), PMT and APD 2.Measurements on CsI( Tl ) a)CsI (Tl) /Teflon + XP5300B 137 Cs b)CsI (Tl) /VM2000 + XP5300B 137 Cs c)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs d)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs e)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co f)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co 3.Conclusions Tests with small light detectors

34. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré34 Experimental setup γ rays Light emission Charge preamplifier + Shaper + ADC + Data Acquisition on PC APD used at Gain 50 and 380V. Cf= 0,5 pF, Shaping time 3 μs Cf

35. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré35 Results CsI( Tl )+VM2000+APD+ 137 Cs RS=4,5%±0,1 Global Resolution is quite constant along the Crystal except close to the APD Collected light for 137Cs peak VS position of impact Resolution FWHM

36. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré36 Results CsI( Tl )+VM2000+APD+ 137 Cs γ -rays interact with APD close to APD

37. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré37 Resolutions CsI(Tl )+VM2000+APD/PMT+ 137 Cs 5,74% 8,05% 8,23%9,39% 6,70% 9,40%10,33% 5,86%6,57% 12,28% 22x22x2222x22x22044x22x20066x22x200 XP5300B XP1912 APD S8664-1010

38. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré38 1.Characteristics of CsI( Tl ), PMT and APD 2.Measurements on CsI( Tl ) a)CsI (Tl) /Teflon + XP5300B 137 Cs b)CsI (Tl) /VM2000 + XP5300B 137 Cs c)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs d)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs e)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co f)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co 3.Conclusions Tests with small light detectors

39. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré39 60 Co peaks 1.17 MeV 1.33 MeV

40. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré40 56 Co peaks 0,85 MeV 1.24 MeV 2,59 MeV 3,25 MeV

41. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré41 Resolutions CsI( Tl )+VM2000+XP1912+ 137 Cs+ 60 Co+ 56 Co Collected light for 137 Cs, 60 Co, 56 Co peaks VS position of impact (5,35%) (6,71%) (9,29%) Rscint =4% calculated measured Resolution FWHM

42. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré42 Results CsI( Tl )+VM2000+APD+ 137 Cs+ 60 Co+ 56 Co Collected light for 137 Cs, 60 Co, 56 Co peaks VS position of impact (9,00%) (6,82%) (5,13%) Rscint =4%

43. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré43 1.Characteristics of CsI( Tl ), PMT and APD 2.Measurements on CsI( Tl ) a)CsI (Tl) /Teflon + XP5300B 137 Cs b)CsI (Tl) /VM2000 + XP5300B 137 Cs c)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs d)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs e)CsI ( Tl ) + XP1912 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co f)CsI ( Tl ) + APD S8664-1010 137 Cs+ 56 Co+ 60 Co 3.Conclusions

44. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré44 XP1452 XP1452  38 mm (Active area 4x272mm2), green extended bialkaly Quantum efficiency 34% at 420nm, 24% at 550nm Size from 35mm to 50mm Use of XP1452 foreseen Next tests with XP1452

45. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré45 Conclusions Photo detector Area photok /Area Xtal Quantum Efficiency Global Efficiency @0.66 Mev @1.33 Mev @3.25 Mev Cost XP5300B>484 mm 2 100%24% 5.54%4.83%4.36%Test only XP1912176 mm 2 36%14%5%9.25%7.11%5.49%120€ XP1452 38x38 272 mm 2 56%20%11%6.89%5.62%4.73%350/2 € XP1452 44x44 380 mm 2 79%20%16%6.21%5.21%4.54%350/2 € APD100 mm 2 21%85%17%9.00%6.64%5.15%150€ Calculated Resolutions Xtal 22x22x220 @550nm

46. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré46 Conclusions 1.Collected light through long crystals is not constant. Tests with non collimated 137 Cs source give resolutions greater that 15%. 2.The choice of VM2000 seems obvious 3.With XP1912, it seems difficult to have a resolution better than 9%-10% at 662keV on long crystals because: a.Area covered by PMT is only 36% with 22x22 output face b.Intrinsic resolution of crystal is quite high (~4/5%) c.Photocathode is not green extended bialkaly 4.Resolution obtained with PMT XP1912 and APD are quite comparable until 3.25MeV 5.No work has been done on surface quality (polished/rough) 6.Use of XP1452 seems promising 7.Tests on LaCl 3 crystal

47. Peyrej @ ipno.in2p3.fr Milano - October 2006IPNO-RDD-Jean Peyré47 Many Thanks to all participants