5. Alexis de Tocqueville Governmental Centralization (good) Administrative Centralization (bad) there exist two distinct kinds of centralization, which it is necessary to discriminate with accuracy. Certain interests are common to all parts of a nation, such as the enactment of its general laws and the maintenance of its foreign relations. Other interests are peculiar to certain parts of the nation; such, for instance, as the business of different townships. When the power which directs the general interests is centred in one place, or vested in the same persons, it constitutes a central government. In like manner the power of directing partial or local interests, when brought together into one place, constitutes what may be termed a central administration.existdiscriminaterelations

6. Tocqueville’s Warning No one can be more inclined than I am myself to appreciate the advantages of the federal system, which I hold to be one of the combinations most favorable to the prosperity and freedom of man. I envy the lot of those nations which have been enabled to adopt it; but I cannot believe that any confederate peoples could maintain a long or an equal contest with a nation of similar strength in which the government should be centralized. A people which should divide its sovereignty into fractional powers, in the presence of the great military monarchies of Europe, would, in my opinion, by that very act, abdicate its power, and perhaps its existence and its name.Iammyselfexistence

9. Five Treaties Treaty of Rome 1957 Single European Act 1986 Treaty of European Union (Maastricht) 1992 Treaty of Nice 2000 Constitutional Treaty (2004)—not yet ratified.

10. Degrees of European Integration Free trade area—the eurosceptics preference.Free trade area Customs union--A customs union is a grouping of countries with a common external tariff, but with free trade, free movement of labor and capital among themselves.Customs union Common market Economic and monetary union Complete economic integration

11. Arthur Salter (1931) “...the commercial and tariff policy of European States is so central and crucial a part of their general policy, the receipts from Customs are so central and substantial a part of their revenues, that a common political authority, deciding for all Europe what tariffs should be imposed and how they should be distributed, would be for every country almost as important as, or even more important than, the national Governments, and would in effect reduce the latter to the status of municipal authorities”.

13. EU Tariffs Meat--236 percent Cereals--180 percent Sneakers--17 percent Raw Materials—less than 5 percent Electronics—less than 5 per cent Note: USA raises more from Bangla Desh than from France in tariffs

15. EU at its 25 th Anniversary “a feeble cardiac patient whose condition is so poor he cannot even be disturbed for a birthday party.”

18. More Jargon Three pillarshree pillars Pillar I: European Community—market/supranationalEuropean Community Pillar II: Common Foreign and Sec. Policy--intergovernmentalCommon Foreign and Sec. Policy Pillar III: Police and Judicial Cooperation--intergovernmentalPolice and Judicial Cooperation

19. Two Terms of Eurospeak/Jargon Subsidiarity Competences

20. Question What is the difference between the European Council and the Council of Ministers?

21. Question How many of the current European Commissioners are from (i) the Baltic Countries; and (ii) Britain, France, and Germany?