1. Ch2. Genome Organization and Evolution 阮雪芬 Nov14, 2002 NTUST

2. Genomics and Proteomics DNA mRNA Proteins Cell functions Genome “ Genomics ” Proteome “ Proteomics ”

3. DNA 和蛋白質合成的地方 DNA Proteins Sugar Chain

4. Genome Gene + Chromosome Genome

5. Genes

6. Genome Sizes

7. Genetic Material A nucleotide contains : –A five-carbon sugar molecules –One or more phosphate groups –A nitrogenous base

8. Ribose and Deoxyribose

9. Backbone of DNA and RNA

10. Purines and Pyrimidines

11. The Double Helix

12. Exon and Intron in Eukaryotes

13. RNA Template-directed Polypeptide Synthesis Links the RNA and Protein Worlds (I) I

14. RNA Template-directed Polypeptide Synthesis Links the RNA and Protein Worlds (II) II III

15. Regulatory Mechanisms Organized the Expression of Genes Gene may be turned on or off in response to –concentrations of nutrients – stress – unfold complex programs of development during the lifetime of the organism.

16. In animals Methylation ( 甲基化 ) of DNA provides the signals for tissue-specific expression of developmentally regulated genes Products of certain genes cause cells to commit suicide ---Apoptosis ( 細胞自然死亡 )

17. Proteins Post-translational modification include –Addition of ligands –Methylation –Excision of peptides

18. Proteome and Proteomics Protein +Genome  Proteome Proteome  Proteomics

19. How Proteomics Can Help Drug Development

20. Definitions of Proteomics First coined in 1995 Be defined as the large-scale characterization of the entire protein complement of a cell line, tissue, or organism. Goal: -To obtain a more global and integrated view of biology by studying all the proteins of a cell rather than each one individually.

21. Proteomics Origins In 1975, the introduction of the 2D gel by O’Farrell who began mapping proteins from E. coli. The first major technology to emerge for the identification of proteins was the sequencing of proteins by Edman degradation  picomole MS technology has replaced Edman degradation to identify proteins  femtomole

22. Types of Proteomics and Their Applications to Biology

23. Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (2D PAGE) Nature 2000, 405, 837-846

24. Mass-spectroscopic Techniques Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2000, 4:489–494 Mass Fingerprint Searching in http://www.expas ych/tools/peptide nt.html

25. Protein Array Detection of specific antibody–antigen interactions on the hEx1 cDNA array.