2. Colorado Space Grant Consortium Gateway To Space ASEN / ASTR 2500 Class #22 Gateway To Space ASEN / ASTR 2500 Class #22

3. Announcements… - 16 days to launch - DD C is due one week from today – comments today - No New homework - Not sure what happened to our guest speaker - I doubt we will be able to reschedule

4. Orbits: A Brief Historical Look

5. Earth, the Moon, Mars, and the Stars Beyond A Brief Discussion on Mission Design

6. Universal Gravitation, Applied: Moon Video

7. Universal Gravitation, Applied: When in space why do you float? i.e. Weightlessness

8. Universal Gravitation, Applied: How does this apply to orbits?

9. Questions: How fast can you throw a snowball? - A baseball? - A shot put? - A Subway sandwich out a moving car? Could you throw any of these in to an orbit? - How fast would it have to be going?

10. Questions: Let’s figure it out… v is velocity G is Universal Gravitational Constant M is mass of planet or satellite R is radius of planet of satellite

11. Atmosphere: How about throwing something into orbit on the moon? golf ball

12. Atmosphere: Let’s figure it out… v is velocity G is Universal Gravitational Constant M is mass of planet or satellite R is radius of planet of satellite

13. Orbits: A Brief Historical Look Arthur C. Clarke Discovered This Orbit

14. Ancient Orbit History: “ORBIT” from Latin word “orbita” orbitus = circular; orbis = orb 1800 B.C. Stonehenge - Study of the vernal equinox

15. 1500 B.C.: Egyptians and Babylonians Written evidence of stellar observations Solar Calendar of 365 days Time divided into 60 even units

16. Aristotle Said earth is center of the universe Dominated scientific thought for 1800 years Ptolemy Geocentric (Earth centered) theory 350 B.C.: Greek Thoughts

17. Start of the Heliocentric Model: 350 B.C Aristarchus of Samos Said Geocentric model was B.S Heliocentric Figured out distance to sun and moon Why didn’t objects fly off the spinning Earth? Why didn’t the motion of the Earth around the sun leave behind the birds flying in the air?

18. Start of the Heliocentric Model: 1543 A.D. Nicholas Copernicus Said Sun-centered rotations Measurements crude but thinking shifts Didn’t release findings until the end of his life

19. Orbit History : 1580 A.D. Tycho Brahe Accurate measurements of planets (Mars) as a function of time Even though telescope had not been invented

20. Orbit History : 1610 A.D. Galileo Galilei Good friends with Copernicus Observations with TELESCOPE reinforced Discovered Venus has phases

21. Orbit History: 1600 A.D. Johannes Kepler Used Tycho’s careful Mars observations to smash Aristotle theories Presented 3 laws of planetary motion Basis of understanding of spacecraft motion However, “Why was not understood” Calculus?

22. Orbit History: Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion: 1.All planets move in elliptical orbits, sun at one focus

23. Orbit History: Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion: 1.All planets move in elliptical orbits, sun at one focus

24. Orbit History: Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion: 2.A line joining any planet to the sun, sweeps out equal areas in equal times

25. Orbit History: Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion: 2.A line joining any planet to the sun, sweeps out equal areas in equal times

26. Orbit History: Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion: 2.A line joining any planet to the sun, sweeps out equal areas in equal times

27. Orbit History: Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion: 3.The square of the period of any planet about the sun is proportional to the cube of the of the planet’s mean distance from the sun. If you can observe the period of rotation, you can determine the distance PlanetP (yr)a (AU)T2T2 R3R3 Mercury0.240.390.06 Venus0.620.720.390.37 Earth1.00 Mars1.881.523.533.51 Jupiter11.95.20142141 Saturn29.59.54870868 T 2 = R 3

28. Orbit History: 1665 A.D. Isaac Newton At 23, plague while at Cambridge Went to be one with nature He studied gravity Discovered “Newton’s Laws of Motion” 1666, he understood planetary motion Did zip for 20 years until Edmund Halley

29. Newton’s Laws: 1st Law..... Body at rest stays at rest, a body in motion stay in motion 2nd Law.... F = m * a 3rd Law... For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

30. Newton’s Laws: Newton Continued... 1687, Principia Published Law of Universal Gravitation (Attraction)

31. Newton’s Laws: Newton Continued... 1687, Principia Published Law of Universal Gravitation (Attraction)

32. Universal Gravitation, Applied: When in space why do you float? i.e. Weightlessness

33. Types of Orbits: Orbits are conic sections: Circle Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola From Kepler’s Law, the central body is at a focus of the conic section

34. Kepler: Kepler’s Laws...Orbits described by conic sections Velocity of an orbit described by following equation For a circle (a=r): For a ellipse (a>0): For a parabola (a=  ):

35. Questions: Let’s figure it out… v is velocity G is Universal Gravitational Constant M is mass of planet or satellite R is radius of planet of satellite

36. Earth, the Moon, Mars, and the Stars Beyond A Brief Discussion on Mission Design

37. Orbit Introduction: What is an orbit? - The path of a satellite around the Earth (or any central body) What shape is it? - Orbits are conic sections - Circles, Ellipses, Parabolas, Hyperbolas How are orbits described? - Position and Velocity at any one time - Keplerian Elements (from Kepler’s Laws)

38. Orbit Definition: - Velocity & Position - Given position and velocity of a satellite at time t, you can calculate the position and velocity at any other time

39. Orbit Definition: Keplerian Elements - Semi major axis (a) - Size - Eccentricity (e) - Shape

40. Orbit Definition: Keplerian Elements - Inclination (i) - Angle to the Equator

41. Orbit Definition: Keplerian Elements - Right Ascension of Ascending Node (RAAN, Ω) - Rotation about the Earth’s Spin Axis

42. Orbit Definition: Keplerian Elements - Argument of Perigee (ω) - Rotation of the conic section in the plane - True Anomaly (θ) - Angle between the Position Vector and the vector to Perigee

43. Orbital Elements: Used to determine a satellite’s location in orbit:

44. Types of Orbits:

46. Types of Orbits (cont.) Geosynchronous/ Geostationary Geosynchronous/ Geostationary

47. Types of Orbits (cont.) Critical Inclination Critical Inclination

48. Types of Orbits (cont.) Repeating Ground Trace Repeating Ground Trace

49. Polar/ Sun Synchronous Polar/ Sun Synchronous Types of Orbits (cont.)

50. Molniya Molniya

52. Circular Orbit: For a 250 km circular Earth Orbit Orbital Velocity Orbital Period

53. Circular Orbit: For a 500 km circular Earth Orbit Orbital Velocity Orbital Period Conclusions???

54. Changing Orbits: How about 250 km to 500 km How would you do it?

55. Changing Orbits: Changing orbits usually involves an elliptical orbit Perigee = close Apogee = far Since orbit is elliptical a > 0, so where

56. Changing Orbits: Here’s what you need: 1) Velocity of initial orbit 2) Velocity of final orbit 3) Velocity at perigee 4) Velocity at apogee Then figure out your  V’s

57. Changing Orbits: Therefore:  V 1 is to start transfer  V 2 is to circularize orbit Time to do transfer is

58. How well do you understand Hohmann Transfers? 123 1 to 2? 2 to 3? 3 to 1? 1 to 3?

59. Universal Gravitation, Applied: Moon Video

60. Circular Orbit:

61. Changing Orbits: Also something called “Fast Transfer” It is more direct and quicker However it takes more fuel  V 1 and  V 2 are much bigger

63. From Earth Orbit to the Moon: Same as changing orbits but.... - At apogee you don’t have empty space - Instead, you have a large and massive object Gravity from this object can act as a  V against your spacecraft When going to the Moon the following could happen: 1) Gravity will cause your spacecraft to crash into the surface 2) Gravity will cause your spacecraft to zip off into space for a long time

64. Getting to the Moon: Gravity Assist

65. Apollo XIII:

69. So... One switch controls the light bulb Light bulb is on 2nd floor Can’t see it unless you go upstairs Can flip switches as many times Can go upstairs once Which switch is it? If you could go up twice, how would you do it? What does a light bulb do? Besides light? What about heat?

70. To the Moon for Money:

74. Earth to L1:

76. Earth to Mars: Mars Orbit Earth Orbit Transfer Orbit Initial Orbit Final Orbit

78. Earth to Beyond: Say you are in a 250 km orbit... Orbital Velocity: Velocity on parabolic (a=  escape trajectory:  V needed:  V will not put you in a orbit, you will escape the Earth’s gravity never to come back

79. Questions

80. Weather Matters: