1. Do oligomers damage membranes?

2. Oligomers bind to vesicle membranes (in vitro incubation with ex-vivo or artificial lipids) Brain derived lipids Phosphatidylglycerol

3. E57K mutant promotes the formation of ring-like structures (in vitro incubation with lipid monolayer)

4. Disrupting the organization between  -helix and  -sheet strands improves the formation of oligomers versus fibrils, making the  -synuclein more toxic

5. Can  -synuclein oligomers cause mitochondrial damage in PD?

6. Overexpression of  -syn induces mitochondrial fragmentation

7.  -syn dependent mitochondrial fragmentation precedes mitochondrial dysfunction…

8. …and neuronal death

9.  -syn disrupts intramitochondrial structure in vitro and…