1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C H A P T E R Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 8 Moral Development, Values, & Religion “It is one of the beautiful compensations in this life that no one can sincerely try to help another without helping himself.” — Charles Dudley Warner American Essayist, 19 th Century “It is one of the beautiful compensations in this life that no one can sincerely try to help another without helping himself.” — Charles Dudley Warner American Essayist, 19 th Century

2. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2 Moral Development Moral development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong. 1.How do adolescents reason or think about rules for ethical conduct? 2.How do adolescents actually behave in moral circumstances? 3.How do adolescents feel about moral matters?

3. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 3 Moral Thought Piaget –Heteronomous Morality –Autonomous Morality –Immanent Justice

4. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 4 Moral Thought Piagetian –Cognitive disequilibrium theory –Adolescents recognize that their set of beliefs is one of many.

5. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 5 Moral Thought Kohlberg –Preconventional Reasoning Heteronomous morality Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

6. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 6 Moral Thought Kohlberg –Conventional Reasoning Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, interpersonal conformity Social systems morality

7. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 7 Moral Thought Kohlberg –Postconventional Reasoning Social contract or utility and individual rights Universal ethical principles

8. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 8 Moral Thought Influences on the Kohlberg Stages –Modeling –Peer Relations Why Is Kohlberg’s Theory Important?

9. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 9 Moral Thought Kohlberg’s Critics –Moral Thought & Moral Behavior –Assessment of Moral Reasoning –Culture & Moral Development –Gender & the Care Perspective

10. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 10 Moral Thought Actual Moral Dilemmas Generated by Adolescents Fig. 8.4

11. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 11 Moral Thought Social-conventional reasoning focuses on thoughts about social consensus and convention. Moral reasoning emphasizes ethical issues.

12. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 12 Moral Behavior Basic Processes –Reinforcement –Punishment –Imitation

13. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13 Moral Behavior Social Cognitive Theory –Moral competence: The ability to produce moral behaviors. –Moral performance: Performing those behaviors in specific situations.

14. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 14 Moral Behavior Prosocial Behavior –Altruism: Unselfish interest in helping another person. –Forgiveness: Occurs when an injured person releases the injurer from possible retaliation.

15. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 15 Moral Feeling Psychoanalytic Theory –Ego ideal: The component of the superego that involves standards approved by the parents. –Conscience: The component of the superego that involves behaviors disapproved by the parents.

16. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 16 Moral Feeling Empathy –Reacting to another’s feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the other’s response.

17. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 17 Moral Feeling Contemporary perspective Personality Moral Identity Moral Character Moral Exemplars

18. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 18 Contexts of Moral Development Parenting –Discipline Love Withdrawal Power Assertion Induction

19. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 19 Parenting Moral Children and Adolescents Parents of moral children and adolescents: –Are warm –Use inductive discipline –Involve children in family decisions –Model moral behavior –Foster an internal sense of morality

20. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 20 Schools The Hidden Curriculum Character Education Values Clarification Cognitive Moral Education Service Learning

21. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 21 Values, Religion, and Cults Values –Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be.

22. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 22 Values Changing Freshman Life Goals Fig. 8.5

23. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 23 Religion The Positive Role of Religion in Adolescents’ Lives Developmental Changes “Religion enlightens, terrifies, subdues; it gives faith, inflicts remorse, inspires resolution, and inflames devotion” –Henry Newman

24. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 24 Religion Fowler’s Theory –Stage 1: Intuitive-Projective –Stage 2: Mythical-Literal –Stage 3: Synthetic-Conventional –Stage 4: Individuative-Reflective –Stage 5: Conjunctive –Stage 6: Universalizing

25. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 25 Religion Religious Indoctrination and Parenting Religiousness and Sexuality in Adolescence

26. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 26 Illustration copyright © 2002 www.arttoday.com. Used with permission. Cults What is the difference between a cult and a church? Who Joins Them? Phase of Life Potential for Abuse

27. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 27 Taking it to the Net For more information on material covered in this chapter, visit our Online Learning Center: http:www.mhhe.com/santrocka11