1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C H A P T E R Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 1 Introduction "In no order of things is adolescence the simple time of life.” — Jean Erskine Stewart American Writer, 20 th Century "In no order of things is adolescence the simple time of life.” — Jean Erskine Stewart American Writer, 20 th Century

2. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2 Historical Perspective Early History –Plato –Aristotle –Jean-Jacques Rousseau

3. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 3 Historical Perspective The 20th Century –G. Stanley Hall’s Storm-and-Stress View –Margaret Mead’s Sociocultural View –The Inventionist View –Further Changes in the 20th Century

4. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 4 Historical Perspective Stereotyping Adolescents Stereotype A broad category that reflects our impressions and beliefs about people. Refers to an image of what the typical member of a particular group is like. Stereotype A broad category that reflects our impressions and beliefs about people. Refers to an image of what the typical member of a particular group is like.

5. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 5 Historical Perspective Stereotyping Adolescents –“They are all lazy” –“They don’t want to work” –“They are all sex fiends” –“They are all into drugs”

6. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 6 Historical Perspective Adolescent generalization gap Adelson’s concept of widespread generalizations about adolescents based on information about a limited, highly visible group of adolescents. Adolescent generalization gap Adelson’s concept of widespread generalizations about adolescents based on information about a limited, highly visible group of adolescents. Stereotyping Adolescence

7. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 7 A Positive View of Adolescence –Old Centuries and New Centuries –Generational Perceptions and Misperceptions Historical Perspective

8. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 8 Today’s Adolescents  Current Status of Adolescents  It is the best and worst of times. Contexts The settings in which development occurs; influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors Contexts The settings in which development occurs; influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors

9. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 9 Today’s Adolescents Projected Percentage Increase in Adolescents Aged 10-19, 2025-2100. Fig. 1.1

10. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 10 Today’s Adolescents Actual and Projected Number of U.S. Adolescents Aged 10-19, 2000-2100 Fig. 1.2

11. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 11 “As we face a new century and a new millennium, the overarching challenge for America is to rebuild a sense of community and hope and civility and caring for all of our children and youth” - Marian Wright Edelman Contemporary American Lawyer and Child Advocate Social Policy and Adolescents’ Development

12. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 12 Social policy A national government’s course of action designed to influence the welfare of its citizens. Generational inequity The unfair treatment of younger members of an aging society in which older adults pile up advantages by receiving inequitably large allocations of resources. Social Policy and Adolescents’ Development

13. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13 The Global Perspective Youth Around The World –Many Asian Indian adolescents accept their parents’ choice of marital partner –In the Middle East, many adolescents are not allowed to interact with the other sex—even in school

14. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 14 The Global Perspective Global Traditions and Changes –Health and well-being –Gender –Family –School –Peers

15. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 15 The Nature of Development Development: The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span

16. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 16 Development Processes Developmental Changes are a Result of Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Processes Fig. 1.3

17. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 17 Development Processes Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Processes Biological processes Physical changes within an individual’s body.

18. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 18 Development Processes Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Processes Cognitive processes Changes in thinking and intelligence.

19. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 19 Development Processes Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Processes Socioemotional processes Changes in relationships, emotions, personality, and social contexts.

20. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 20 Periods of Development Childhood –Prenatal Period –Infancy –Early Childhood –Middle and Late Childhood

21. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 21 Periods of Development Adolescence –Early Adolescence –Late Adolescence

22. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 22 Periods of Development Adulthood –Early Adulthood –Middle Adulthood –Late Adulthood

23. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 23 Childhood to Adolescence –Puberty –Increased decision making –Seek increased independence Developmental Transitions

24. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 24 Developmental Transitions Adolescence to Adulthood –Youth –Emerging adulthood –Personal responsibility, independent decisions and financial independence

25. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 25 Developmental Issues Nature interacts with nurture Nature vs. Nurture Continuity vs. Discontinuity Early vs. Later Experience Fig. 1.6

26. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 26 Evaluating the Developmental Issues History Science Biological Processes Cognitive Processes Social and Personality Development Contexts Problems Reflective and Critical Thinking

27. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 27 Taking it to the Net Master the material in this chapter by visiting the Online Learning Center: http://www.mhhe.com/santrocka11