1. The Cell Brittany Wong Courtney Jee Ross Leader John Howard

3. Cell Membrane The cell membrane protects the cell. It is mainly made of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Two major functions of the cell membrane are: selective permeability - Allows certain substances in and out of the cell. signal transduction – Relays information to the cell from the outside environment. The cell membrane is a bilayer (double layer).

4. Cytoplasm   The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance also known as cytosol.   It protects all organelles and provides a cytoskeleton for the cell.

5. The Nucleus

6.  The nucleus is the brain of the cell.  Inside is the nucleolus which creates ribosomes. Chromatin can also be found inside the nucleus.  The nucleus is protected by a double-layered envelope which has nuclear pores for ribosomes to leave the nucleus.

7. Endoplasmic Reticulum o The ER is a network that transports molecules within the cell. o Rough: Covered in ribosomes which produce protein. It transports protein around the cell. o Smooth: Not covered in ribosomes. It produces lipids.

8. Golgi Apparatus  A stack of flattened membrane sacs that delivers proteins created on ribosomes.  The proteins are altered and formed into transport vesicles to release its contents in and out of the cell.

9. Mitochondria  The power house of the cell.  Composed of fluid-filled sacs that move through the cytoplasm and reproduce by division.  Contains cristae needed for aerobic respiration.

10. Lysosomes  The garbage disposals of the cell.  They contain powerful enzymes that clean out the cell.  They also get rid of the old used up cell parts.

11. Cloning  The nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell is removed.  An adult donor cell is taken and starved until it enters the same state as the egg.  The cells are moved together and given an electric shock which fuses them together. The donor cell’s nucleus now controls both cells.

12. Cloning The egg is placed in a sheep oviduct for about 6 days. The egg is placed in a sheep oviduct for about 6 days. The embryo is removed after 6 days and placed in adult mother ewe. The embryo is removed after 6 days and placed in adult mother ewe. After maturing normally inside the ewe, the clone is born. After maturing normally inside the ewe, the clone is born.