2. Prepared By Jacques E. ZOO Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature David Bohm, Causality and Chance in Modern Physics (New York, 1957). From Feyerabend, P. K.

3. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature  Nature is about the World we live in  and about ideas developed for understanding this world  It is often assumed-and the basic philosophy of many contemporary physicists supports this assumption that within sciences speculation and ingenuity can not play a very great role as

4. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature physical theories are more or less uniquely by the facts  Bohm in his book shows that this is not correct, and that today there exists a clash of ideas about fundamental things the imposing and perhaps a little terrifying picture of science as a unalterable and steadily increasing collection of facts is nothing but a myth

5. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature ingenuity and speculation play in physics as great a role as anywhere else  Bohm says, the separation between sciences and humanities is due to false picture, if not a caricature of science  It is this false picture which is attacked throughout his book

6. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature  The book explicitly refutes the idea that complementarity, and only complementarity alone, solves all the ontological and conceptual problems of Microphysics  Bohm discusses and criticizes the validity of induction and empirical generalizations and of universal theories

7. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature  Two interpretations of complementarity as an attempt to provide an intuitive picture for an existing theory, and as a heuristic principle guiding future research  One of the basic assumptions of Orthodox is that: in our descriptions of nature the purpose is to trace down, as far as it is possible

8. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature relations between the manifold aspects of our experience  For them the facts of experience play the role of building stones out of which a theory may be constructed, but which themselves neither can, nor should be modified  The reasonable assumption is that our ideas, and our experiences may be

9. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature erroneous and that the latter gives at most an approximate account of what is going on in reality  Cosmological generalization is that: the world contains infinitely many levels each level is characterized by a set of laws which may be causal or probabilistic, or both

10. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature  In either case, each law inevitably has its errors, and these are just as necessary a part of its true significance as are those of its consequences that are correct  Every scientific description is true within a certain domain of validity  The assertion of the absolute validity of

11. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature a physical principle implies the denial of any theory that contains its negation  Scientific research does not, and can not lead to a knowledge of nature that is completely free from errors  The errors referred to could be either subjective or objective, or both depending on the complex behavior of nature

12. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature  Nature is such that no law can ever be universally valid, hence it is sound scientific method to restrict the laws we find to a certain domain it is unsound method to apply them outside this domain, and never should we proclaim a certain law as universally valid, i.e. as valid in all domains of experimentation, and under all possible conditions

13. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature  If we are careful enough in our pronouncements about the applicability of a scientific theory, and if we always restrict it to its proper domain,  We do not run into the risk of being refuted by new discoveries  More specifically, the assumption that Newton’s laws are universally valid has implications from the unlimited science

14. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature  Bohm defines two basic cosmological principles of nature, namely: The principle of infinity of nature, and The principle that there exist complexes which are relatively stable over a certain period of time which allow for the description, in terms of finite laws and concepts of parts of nature  Cosmology describes basic structure of our world

15. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature  The two principles by Bohm are not even empirical, or scientific  They represent absolute truth, and are based on experience, and  They are not defined within a certain domain of validity they are not capable of improvement by taking into account errors

16. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature  The conditioned validity of the law and its approximative character are thus wholly dependent upon the objective existence of such other domains  Lack of domains outside the domain of its applicability, leads to a statement about the infiniteness of matter in becoming unconditionally and absolutely valid

17. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature Conclusion:  It is quite impossible to entertain a point of view which has no reference to any facts whatever, and it is equally  Impossible to introduce a new moral system unless it is somewhat related to situations already existent

18. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature Conclusion:  Every theory of the universe, whether mythological or scientific in content, possesses some degree of truth.

19. By: Respickius Bohm’s Philosophy of Nature End of my Presentation! & Thank you for listening!