1. Processor history

2. 1978-811984 8086/808880286 1987-88 80386 DX/SX 1990-92 80486 SX/DX 1993-95 Pentium 1997 Pentium MMX 1 23455+

3. Itanium dual core 1995 Pentium Pro 1997 Pentium II 20011999 Pentium III 2001 Pentium 4 1997 Mobile Pentium 6 6+7+8 7

4. 2006-9 Itanium Core duo i3 2010 i5 2012 i7 2013 9 101112

5. i3,i5,i7…. No. of cores- 2 – i3 No. of cores- 4 – i5. No. of cores- 4 – i7

6. Internal snap of i7

7. Features of i7 Micro processor  Quad Core Processor — Supports 4 core on single die — 3 level (L1,L2,L3)cache — 8 dedicated threads for multitasking and multithreaded operation  Integrated memory controller — Supports DDR3( Double data RAM) — DDR3 used for storage at high speed — Allows I/O bus to run 4 times faster  Execute Disable Bit — Provides enhanced virus protection — Execute Disable Bit allows memory to be marked as executable or non executable — it raises an error to OS if code is run in non executable memory

8. Features of i7 Micro processor  Hyper threading technology — one physical processor seems like two logical processor — improves performance in multitasking — execution unit,caches, buses are shared —logical processor has data reg, segment reg, control reg, debug reg — i7 processor can process 2 thread simultaneously — it appears to OS as 8 CPUs  Turbo Boost Technology — allows processor to run faster than base operating frequency — power of passives cores are provided to the active cores — it can increase frequency of all 4 cores till they can handle current payload — it does not require any hardware support — It can enable/disable by OS and BIOS

9. Features of i7 Micro processor  Enhanced speed step technology — running processor at high clock speeds for better performance — If operating on low frequency, less heat generated then less power consumption  Intel Quick Path Interconnect(QPI) — used to link processor and system components — provide higher memory performance and flexibility — replaces front side bus — QPI high speed data transfer up to 25.6 Gbps —Concurrent bi-directional traffic  Virtualization technology — one hardware platform to function a multiple virtual platform  Trusted Execution technology —hardware based mechanism to help protect against s/w based attacks —It helps to protect the confidentiality and integrity of data —by enabling trusted environment application can run in their own space

10. Features of i7 Micro processor Smart cache and cache memory — 3 level (L1,L2,L3)cache — level 1 L1 cache 32 KB each (instruction and data) — level 2 L2 cache 256 KB ( combined instruction and data) — level 3 L3 cache 8 MB ( used for communication for different cores of processor) Inclusive shared 8 MB L3 cache L2 cache 256 kb L1 cache 32 kb Core 1 L2 cache 256 kb L1 cache 32 kb Core 2 L2 cache 256 kb L1 cache 32 kb Core 3 L2 cache 256 kb L1 cache 32 kb Core 0

11. Block Diagram of i7 Micro processor Architecture of one core of i7 processor Inclusive shared 8 MB L3 cache L2 cache 256 kb L1 cache 32 kb Core 1 L2 cache 256 kb L1 cache 32 kb Core 2 L2 cache 256 kb L1 cache 32 kb Core 3 L2 cache 256 kb L1 cache 32 kb Core 0 Quick path Interconnect interface (QPI), Integrated Memory Controller Execution Engine L2 cache 256 kb Execution Engine

13. Registers f i7 Micro processor  16 GPRS 64 bit wide  6 segment reg 16 bit wide  Rflag reg 64 bit wide  RIP reg 64 bit  8 MMX reg 64 bit wide  16 XMM registers 128 bit wide  MXCSR reg 32 bit wide  8 FPU data reg 80 bit wide  1 control reg 16 bit wide  1 status reg 16 bit wide  1 tag reg 16 bit wide  11 bit opcode reg  64 bit FPU data pointer reg  64 bit FPU instruction pointer reg