1. The Industrial Revolution
CHAPTER 13
The Industrial Revolution
Section 2: The Factory System
Objectives:
Describe how the factory system changed working and living conditions for workers and the middle class during the Industrial Revolution.
Discuss the changing roles of women in a newly- industrialized society.

2. 13.2 Bell Ringer: The Factory System
SECTION 2
The Factory System
13.2 Bell Ringer:
What are some characteristics of the middle class and working class in England?
Create a bubble map – see next slide.

3. SECTION 2
The Factory System
Working Class
Middle Class

4. How Machines Affected Work
SECTION 2
The Factory System
How Machines Affected Work
Made work easier
Could be learned in a few days
Hired women & children Why?
What happened to older, skilled workers?

5. The Wage System The Factory System SECTION 2 Domestic System
Unsupervised in own home
Were paid for number of items completed
Factory System
Each performed only a small part of the entire job
Dozens/hundreds worked in same room with supervisors
Paid wages based on hours worked or amt. of goods produced

6. What factors determine wages?
SECTION 2
The Factory System
What factors determine wages?
Costs of production
Number of workers
Wages of other jobs
Higher for men than for women Why?
Wages of Factory Workers in 1833

7. Lives of Factory Workers
SECTION 2
The Factory System
Lives of Factory Workers
Begin work at 5am until 7pm – often worked 14 hours/day – Six days per week
½ hour each for breakfast & dinner – pay? $2 per week
Must attend church
Breaking any rule meant heavy fines, pay cuts, or job loss
No sanitary facilities
No safety devices
No compensation if hurt
Rules To Be Observed, Haslingden Mill, 1851

8. Abuses The Factory System SECTION 2
Alexander Gray, a pump boy aged 10 years old. reported in 1842 Royal Commision into working conditions, said: "I pump out the water in the under bottom of the pit to keep the mens room 9coal face) dry. I am obliged to pump fast or the water would cover me. I had to run away a few weeks ago as the water came up so fast that Icould not pump at all. The water frequently covers my legs. I have been two years at the pump. I am paid 10d (old pence) a day. No holiday but the Sabbath (Sunday). I go down at three, sometimes five in the morning, and come up at six or seven at night.

9. SECTION 2
The Factory System

10. SECTION 2
The Factory System

11. Result? Factory Act of 1833 The Factory System SECTION 2
1832 Sadler Committee Investigation
Lord Ashley's Mines Commission of Chadwick's report on sanitary problems
Girl pulling a coal tub in mine. From official report of the parliamentary commission.
Result? Factory Act of 1833
Contaminated London drinking water containing various micro-organisms, refuse,
and the like.

12. The Factory System Visual Source Punch, Jul.-Dec. 1848
DIRTY FATHER THAMES
Filthy river, filthy river, Foul from London to the Nore, What art thou but one vast gutter, One tremendous common shore? All beside thy sludgy waters, All beside thy reeking ooze, Christian folks inhale mephitis, Which thy bubbly bosom brews.
London stank of unwashed bodies, raw sewage, coal fires and horse manure. And most of all, it stank of the Thames, for the Thames was, particularly in the early years of Victoria’s reign, the great sewer of London. The problem reached its apex in 1858, the year of the Great Stink. The smell off the river was so intense that members of Parliament avoided sessions and wandered around the building with handkerchiefs held over their noses. In an attempt to ameliorate the stench, curtains impregnated with chemicals were hung over the windows.
Punch 1850 – A DROP OF LONDON WATER

13. SECTION 2
The Factory System
Lives in Workers’ Homes

14. SECTION 2
The Factory System

15. The Factory System Manufacturing! SECTION 2
Development of the Middle Class
Economic
& Political
POWER
Manufacturing!
agriculture

16. New Social Class Structure
SECTION 2
The Factory System
Changes in society ….
New Social Class Structure
Upper Class:
Very rich industrial & business families.  Old Noble class.
Upper Middle Class:
Business people & professionals such as, lawyers & doctors.
Lower Middle Class:
Other professionals such as, teachers, shop owners, and office workers.
Working Class:
Factory workers and small farmers.
New roles were defined for middle class men and women.  Middle class men went to work in business, while their wives worked from home and cared for the family.  The higher standard of living for the middle class meant that their children received some form of formal education.
The Victorian vision of British society as a pyramid, with royalty, the aristocracy, the Church, the arts and the professions on top, supported by industry, and with the workhouse at the bottom, was very familiar. Inherent within this vision, and enshrined in society was the idea that the rungs of the social ladder could be climbed only by hard work and integrity, an idea that was constantly explored by painters and writers. By this process the concept of industry achieved its own morality, with the word consciously achieving the dual meaning of hard work and industrialisation. A frequently used metaphor for the industrial process was the beehive, and many Victorian buildings featured bees, symbols both of hard work and the acceptance of the social order, in their decoration. George Cruikshank's well-known 1840 print, The British Bee Hive underlines this and at the same time throws a spotlight on British society's classified view of itself.

17. The Factory System Visual Source
A Victorian slum. A picture of the Seven Dials district of London in 1872

18. The Factory System SECTION 2
Cotton Factories Regulation Act 1819 Set the minimum working age to 9 Set the maximum working hours to 12 per day
Regulation of Child Labor Law 1833 Established paid inspectors to inspect factories on child labor regulations and enforce the law
Ten Hours Bill 1847 Limited working hours to 10 per day for women and children

19. SECTION 2
The Factory System
How did women’s lives change?

20. SECTION 2
The Factory System

21. The Factory System SECTION 2
‘Doctor Evangeline: “By the bye, Mr Sawyer, are you engaged tomorrow afternoon? I have rather a ticklish operation to perform – an amputation, you know.” Mr Sawyer: “I shall be very happy to do it for you.” Doctor Evangeline: “O, no, not that! But will you kindly come and administer the chloroform for me?”’
The caption to this cartoon, entitled The Coming Race, reads: ‘Doctor Evangeline: “By the bye, Mr Sawyer, are you engaged tomorrow afternoon? I have rather a ticklish operation to perform – an amputation, you know.” Mr Sawyer: “I shall be very happy to do it for you.” Doctor Evangeline: “O, no, not that! But will you kindly come and administer the chloroform for me?”’ The humor rests on the way the cartoon turns on its head the stereotype of the helpless woman and strong man. It portrays a ‘comic’ situation – where a fashionably dressed, small female doctor claims greater surgical competence than a man.
(From Punch, 14 September 1872, p. 113)

22. SECTION 2
The Factory System

23. Political Cartoon
The Factory System

24. SECTION 2
The Factory System

25. SECTION 2
The Factory System

26. SECTION 2
The Factory System

27. SECTION 2
The Factory System

28. The Factory System SECTION 2 Working Class Middle Class
worked in factories for low wages
lived in tenements
Working Class
most children did not attend school
lifestyles and living conditions similar to lower middle class
industrializing England
were bankers, lawyers, doctors, etc.
Middle Class
gained social influence and political power
well-educated
rising social status