1. Rev 3.095-1 Human Physiology and Alcohol

2. Rev 3.095-2 Physiology of Alcohol The biological science of essential & characteristic life processes, activities & functions Endogenous Alcohol Absorption Distribution Elimination

3. Rev 3.095-3 Physiology Overview Endogenous alcohol production Absorption Distribution Elimination metabolism excretion

4. Rev 3.095-4 Routes of Alcohol Inhalation Injection Absorption Insertion Ingestion

5. Rev 3.095-5 Gastrointestinal Tract Absorption Mouth 5 % Stomach 25% Small Intestine 70%

6. Absorption and Distribution

7. Rev 3.095-7 Absorption Process Passive process Migrate from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration Migrates as unchanged molecule Across cell membranes Enters blood supply- circulatory system to affect body

8. Rev 3.095-8 x x x x x x x x Gastric Blood Stream Cell Membrane High Conc Low Conc Migration of ETOH

9. Rev 3.095-9 Distribution Alcohol distributed throughout body by circulatory system blood supply Some organs receive more volume blood than others some organs and body parts have more water content than others

10. Rev 3.095-10 A person with a B r AC of 0.100… Urine1.35% Brain1.17% Blood Plasma1.16% Saliva1.12% Liver0.91% Fat Tissue0.02% Distribution

11. Rev 3.095-11 ETOH Distribution Pathways Representation of Ethyl Alcohol Distribution Pathways

12. Male vs Female Each man consumes One fluid ounce Of Ethyl Alcohol 200# Male = 136% water 100# Male = 68% water 200# man must consume twice as much as the 100# man to attain the same alcohol concentration 100# male = 68% water100# female = 55% water ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 100 # male must consume more alcohol than the 100# female to attain the same alcohol concentration More alcohol per pound of water in 100# male than 200# male More alcohol per pound of water in 100# female than 100# male

13. Rev 3.095-13 Elimination (Part 1) Metabolism Alcohol Dehydrogenase Enzyme ADH Produced by liver Oxidizes or burns alcohol molecule 95-98% alcohol in body is metabolized Rate of 1 drink per hour, about 0.015 ?? 0.150 BrAC how long to reach 0.000 BrAC ??

14. Rev 3.095-14 Elimination (Part2) Direct Excretion –Alcohol directly excreted or passed out of body by: Urine Sweat tears saliva

15. Rev 3.095-15 When drinking rate exceeds elimination rate, the brain becomes sedated Alcohol In / Out

16. Rev 3.095-16 Widmark Formula Eric Widmark Swedish scientist Formula or Graph describes BAC level Describes different phases how many drinks in body at the time of the test Dose related concept Body weight %BAC x Body Weight x 0.33 = # of drinks

17. ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF 80 PROOF LIQUOR NEEDED TO REACH GIVEN LEVELS OF ALCOHOL IN THE BLOOD

18. Rev 3.095-18 Widmark Graph Three parts of blood alcohol curve –absorptive phase –peak phase –elimination phase

19. Rev 3.095-19 Time Peak Elimination Phase Absorption Phase General Alcohol Concentration Curve Alcohol Concentration

20. Rev 3.095-20 Factors affecting Widmark curve Food in the stomach Amount or number of drinks consumed Body weight Time

21. Rev 3.095-21 Elimination Rate* 7 PM8 PM9 PM10 PM11 PM12 AM1 AM2 AM3 AM4 AM5 AM6 AM7 AM AbsorptionElimination.150.100.050.000.080 * 150 LBS person drinking on an empty stomach.150.100.080.050.000 Hours 123456789101112 Stops Drinking.090.120 Legally Intoxicated Legally Impaired

22. Rev 3.095-22 Time EMPTY STOMACH FULL STOMACH Ethanol Absorption: Effect of Food in the Stomach Alcohol Concentration

23. Rev 3.095-23 Dose Related 10 DRINKS 5 DRINKS TIME Alcohol Concentration

24. Rev 3.095-24 110 LBS 220 LBS TIME Body Weight Alcohol Concentration

25. Rev 3.095-25 10 DRINKS ONE HOUR 10 DRINKS TEN HOURS TIME Time Related Alcohol Concentration

26. Rev 3.095-26 Time Arrest Test Alcohol Concentration Alcohol Concentration LOWER at the Time of Test than at Time of Arrest

27. Rev 3.095-27 Time ArrestTest Alcohol Concentration Alcohol Concentration THE SAME at the Time of Test and Arrest

28. Rev 3.095-28 Arrest Test Alcohol Concentration Time Alcohol Concentration HIGHER at the Time of Test than Time of Arrest

29. Rev 3.095-29

30. PHARMACOLOGY OF ALCOHOL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE HUMAN BODY

31. Rev 3.095-31 EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL DEPRESSANT - NOT A STIMULANT DOSE RELATED more drinks,greater influence, increased impairment AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM brain

32. Myths vs Facts alcohol It is a Stimulant It has Nutrients It increases Mental and Physical ability In given amounts alcohol affects individuals in the same way There are ways to sober up quickly Any amount will cause bodily damage It is a Depressant It has Calories It decreases Mental and Physical ability In given amounts alcohol affects individuals in different ways Time is the only way to sober up It will cause bodily damage if consumed in excess

33. Greek & Roman Banquets

34. First Description of Effects of Wine by Eubulus HealthRevel PleasureBlack Eyes SleepTo Policemen ViolenceBiliousness UproarHurling Furniture

35. Rev 3.095-35 EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL VISIBLE SIGNS VS INVISIBLE SIGNS

36. Rev 3.095-36 Sequence of Mental Growth 1 Vital Functions 3 2 Muscle Control 2 3 Higher Learning 1 Center Progression of Ethanol’s Sedative Effects Ethanol and Your Brain Higher Learning Vital Functions Muscle Control

37. Stages of Intoxication BeginsEnds Sobriety0.000.05 Euphoria0.030.12 Excitement0.090.25 Confusion0.180.30 Stupor0.270.40 Coma0.350.50 Death0.350.50

38. Rev 3.095-38 VISABLE SIGNS Confusion Sleepiness Disorderly/sloppy appearance Slurred, thick tongued speech Nausea Red, flushed face Glassy, watery eyes, staring

39. Rev 3.095-39 Relative Probability.00.02.04.06.08.10.12.14.16.18 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 %BAC Relative Probability of Causing an Accident The Role of Alcohol in Traffic Accidents ( The Grand Rapids Study)

40. Rev 3.095-40

41. Rev 3.095-41 Physiology of Respiration Vital Processes Function of Respiration Mechanism of Respiration Alveolar Sac Henry’s Law

42. Rev 3.095-42 Blood Gas Exchange C 2 H 5 OH Lung Space Exchange of ETOH Between Blood & Breath in the Alveolar Sacs of the Lungs

43. Rev 3.095-43 Air In /Air Out Y 0

44. Rev 3.095-44 Henry’s Law:The vapor pressure that a gas exerts above a liquid is directly proportional to the weight of the gas dissolved in the liquid at 34° C. Chemical principle partitioning ratio between gas and liquid phase occurs at equilibrium balance, no net change occurs at 34 o C occurs in a breath sample

45. Rev 3.095-45 Henry’s Law Simulator at 34ºC alcohol and water mixture 1 to 2100 ratio for alcohol Similar to breath sample Higher temp = higher reading lower temp = lower reading

46. Rev 3.095-46 Liquid to Vapor x xx x x x x xx x x x x x x xxx xxx xxx Head Space – Measure alcohol in air Measure liquid or alcohol in water using a 1/2100 proportion 2100 molecules @ 34ºC equilibrium is reached between liquid and vapor 210L 100ml x 2100 molecules 1 molecule x x x x xx x

47. Rev 3.095-47 Alcohol in SolutionAlcohol in Vapor 2100 molecules1 molecule 4200 molecules2 molecules 6300 molecules3 molecules 8400 molecules4 molecules 10500 molecules5 molecules 21000 molecules10 molecules Henry’s Law

48. Rev 3.095-48 The alcohol breath test based on Henrys Law Breath sample is “End Expiratory Air” from lungs Partitioning ratio is 1 to 2100 Breath has 1/ 2100th as much alcohol as found in blood Blood has 2100 times as much alcohol as breath Henry’s Law

49. Rev 3.095-49 Grams of alcohol per BrAC = 210 liters breath BAC = 100 mls of blood Reported as Weight per Volume grams alcohol /210 liters breath grams alcohol / 100 milliliters blood Henry’s Law

50. Rev 3.095-50 Advantages of Breath Testing Immediate Results Lower Cost Non Invasive Procedure No Medical Personnel Needed Not Possible for Operator to Alter Results Fewer Witnesses for Court

51. Rev 3.095-51 I ntoxilyzer BrAC = BAC The ultimate proof that the Intoxilyzer is an accurate scientific instrument comes from research which shows that simultaneous Blood & Breath tests had similar results. This type of research is also conducted using a simulator with a known alcohol content. This is the method used for checking the calibration of Intoxilyzers in Colorado. Ultimate Proof

52. Rev 3.095-52