1. Emerging Powers and the New Global Order Opportunities and Challenges Lecture 2 source: http://www.foreignpolicy.com This collection was collated by Xiuli Xu as teaching material on the Emerging Powers and International Development course at the Institute of Development Studies

2. Contents Global governance as a structure, as a process, and as a mechanism. Historical evolution of the global governance since World War Ⅱ, current global order and challenges emerging powers and the new global order: opportunities and challenges

3. 1. Multiple Perspectives on Global governance: as a structure, as a process, and as a mechanism As a structure: Structure means ‘system of rules’, ‘institutionalized modes of social construction. Structurally, the global economy has been sustained for many years by an institutional architecture consisting of major economic institutions like the IMF, World Bank Group and the GATT, created under the auspices of the Bretton Woods System, led by the transatlantic alliance after World War Ⅱ. As a process: Process is characterised by interaction and participation amongst different actors to coordinate and manage issues as they arise; it is therefore a ‘norm generating process’ through different ‘practices of governing’. Global governance is framed more comprehensively to encapsulate a range of actors exercising authority at the global level, justifying calls fro processes to become more partcipative and inclusive. As a mechanism: Governance is about decision-making and developing mechanisms and institutions required for achieving desired policy outcomes. Global governance can be seen more practically as a mechanism to make collective decisions, enforce global rules, and address common problems; mechanisms being collectively pushed by agents seeling to "govern" activities in their repsective issue area. (UNDP and CCIEE, 2012:11-13)

4. 6/9/2015 some examples on each perspective

5. 6/9/2015 2. Historical evolution of the global governance since World War Ⅱ WB, IMF WTO UN system Bilateral agencies OECD/DAC NGOs MNCs Banks and development funds development researchers and institutes "messy multilateralism" source: http://news.xinhuanet.com

6. 6/9/2015 1940s1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s Bretton Woods Marshall Plan OPEC USAID UN NIEO North- South dialogue Gulf War WTO 9.11 2. Milestones of the global governance since World War Ⅱ Bandung conference Non-Aligned Movement UNCTAD UNDP, UNIDO World Debt Crisis Structural Adjustment Programs Concept of BRICS 1st BRICS Summit G77 Financial crisis G20 MDGs The HLF-4th Busan

7. 6/9/2015 2. Current Order and challenges Managing the global power shift "By 2050, Brazil, China and India will constitute 40% of global output, up from 10% in 1950s" (UNHDR 2013:2) "Future of the world and the success of global governance are very much dependent on the interaction between the existing and emerging powers" (UNDP and CCIEE, 2012:14) Provision of global public goods Policy coherences becomes critical in this fragmented institutional milieu... Legitimising global governance effectiveness and inclusiveness e.g. crisis in climate change governance e.g., unfair rules in agricultural and manufature sector source:http://www.huaxia.com/xw/rmdjwz/2013/01/ 3189439.html

8. 6/9/2015 2. Encounter and challenges Channels ： trade: WTO investment: CSR, labor, human rights, environment, and governance, etc. aid: OECD/DAC, ODA, conditionality Financial institutions: WB, IMF (voting) UN system: security, development The detailed differences on aid and business will be introduced in detail in Session 3. Effectiveness Inclusiveness conception, principles and value strategically, policies, practices the bottom billion climate change inequality in developing countries urbanization and migration globalization finanancial stability source: http://vod.hust-snde.com; http://auction1.paipai.com; http://www.afinance.cn; http://www.taoguba.com.cn; http://productism.com

9. 6/9/2015 3. Emerging powers and global order: opportunities and challenges Given their expanding economic size and increasingly active diplomacy, the BRICS countries are gradually gaining greater influence over the internatonal decision making process. Managing the influence of these emerging powers and reforming global institutions will become decisive issues for establishing an effective global governance system advancing international cooperation reforming international financial institutions: IMF,World Bank and UN Security Council giving spaces to institutional initiatives such as G20, BRICS Bank, which will open up to the developing world new resources, experiences and understanding of the priorities of emerging powers. Niu(2013); UNDP and CCIEE(2012):19-23 source: http://finance.workercn.cn; http://www.usalifeonline.com

10. 6/9/2015 3. Emerging powers and global order: opportunities and challenges coordinating a burgeoning plualist Landscape--issue of Coherence promoting institutional diversity in global governance to make it more inclusive and coherence, which will cover issues including economic liberalisation, technological diffusion, intellectual authority, SE4ALL-global governance in Action, and High-Level Panel Report on Post 2015-MDGs Agenda incorporating ideas of the Global South UNDP and CCIEE(2012):25-28 source: http://www.china-gad.org

11. 6/9/2015 3. Emerging powers and global order: opportunities and challenges Trilateral cooperation China-DAC Study Group New spaces and denser networks linking DAC and non-DAC donors – e.g. G20 DWG Denser networks linking researchers from rising powers and “submerging powers” – e.g. RCUK China office New spaces and denser networks linking researchers from different rising powers – e.g. BRICS Academic Forum Official recognition of the importance of mutual learning based on first-hand experience – e.g. BRICS Ministerials Donor agencies from “submerging powers” finding ways to support mutual learning – e.g. DFID Beijing support for CIDRN and DFID Global Partnerships Department support for IDS Rising Powers in International Development programme Source: Alex Shankland (2013): presentation in CIDRN Public Lecture, July

12. What is it? Components of the IDS Rising Powers in International Development programme Global development cooperation spaces study Political Economy of Low- Carbon Transitions Study Learning from the Rising Powers (SIAs, meetings) BRICS Africa footprint studies BRICS countries “State of the Debate” studies Development Studies Learning Partnership China and Brazil in African Agriculture study Source: Shankland (2013)

13. 6/9/2015 Case analysis on the differences and convergence of the emerging powers and established countries in terms of their conceptions and practitions. e.g. Paper 1: Li Xiaoyun and Richard Carey (2013). The BRICS development agenda and the international development system: Challenges and convergence. Draft for IDS discussion paper paper 2: Gu J, Humphrey J, Messner D. Global governance and developing countries: the implications of the rise of China[J]. World Development, 2008, 36(2): 274-292. 3. Emerging powers and global order: opportunities and challenges

14. 6/9/2015 If time permits Story telling: from NIEO (New International Economic Order) to BRICS Bank; from G7/8 to G20. source: http://qichebolan.dooland.com