2. Ethnicity and Gender

3. Ethnicity and Gender
A set of norms that people create to define their group through actual or perceived culture traits, language, religions and nationality-
Often linked regionally- Albanians and Albania
Can also be forcefully divided- Jewish Ghetto
Ghetto- region where ethnic minorities are forced to live- we have them in the USA
Ethnic enclave- neighborhood where a minority is concentrated- China Town, Queens New York, Little Italy, Harlem
Barrio- Spanish Enclave
multi nucleated
What fosters the growth of these enclaves?
Prejudice, Chain Migration, Belonging
Ethnic Islands-
Charter Group-
first settlement
Residential segregation

4. Gender Imbalances
Not only male and female but the act of masculine and feminine
Long hair in the east
What about the USA
Men, in general, have more opportunities
Gender Gap- man vs. women
Maternal mortality rates
Female infanticide
Dowry death
Enfranchisement
Gender imbalances
Longevity Gap- Women Yay!!

5. Where does level of development vary by gender?
Gender-related development index- (GDI) compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes.
Gender empowerment measure- (GEM) compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
The GDI uses the same indicators of development used in the HDI adjusted to reflect differences in the accomplishments and conditions of men and women.
The GDI reflects improvements in the standard of living and well being of women, whereas the GEM measures the ability of women to participate in the process of achieving those improvements.

6. Gender-Related Development Index 4 factors similar to the HDI
Economic:
average income
2. Social Indicators:
-literacy levels
-education
(school attendance)
3. Demographic:
Life expectancy

7. Gender-Related Development Index

8. -The rank of the Netherlands remained the same. (0)
-The rank of Belgium is #7 but the HDI rank is #6. (-1)
-The rank of Iceland is #6 but the HDI rank is #7. (1)
-The rank of Japan is #12 but the HDI rank is 9. (-3)
Why would a country drop in rank from the HDI?

9. Nepal: GDI ,
What do can you tell about
Women in Nepal?
-Women and men have the
same life expectancy. Why?
-Only a small % of women can
read compared to their
enrollment in school. Why?
-Women make less money
than men. Why?
-What does the last figure mean?

10. China: GDI What can you tell about the women in China?
,571 5,
What can you tell about
the women in China?
-Life expectancy is more
consistent with the global trend
-Almost equal numbers of each
sex attend school, although low
-Literacy rate is high but lower
for females compared to males
-Males have a higher income
compared to women, consistent
with the global pattern

11. The GEM is calculated by combining: -income -professional jobs
Two indicators of economic power
-income
-professional jobs
Two indicators of political power
-managerial jobs
-elected positions
The GDI and GEM are both substantially higher in MDC’s than in LDC’s.

12. Gender Empowerment Measure

13. Nepal: GEM
No data A
Due to lack of data on the GEM,
Data was found on the Political
Participation Index

14. China: GEM E
Data for China can be combined from the GEM and the Political Participation index to discuss the political power of women compared to men in China.

15. GDI and GEM of an MDC: Sweden
, ,
When comparing Nepal and China to Sweden, what differences can you detect?

16. -Just like the HDI, the GDI and GEM divide countries into high, medium, and low areas of development.
-Cultural norms can control the advancement or subjugation of women and their status in certain regions of the world.
-Gender inequality in income, education, and political power is a global problem.

17. Knowing that how we can predict the movement of LDC’s and MDC’s?

19. Ethnicity Where are ethnicities distributed?
Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities?
Why do ethnicities clash?
What is ethnic cleansing?

20. Key Issue 1: Where are ethnicities distributed?
Skin Color
Not scientific man made
The Apartheid in South Africa
Gets a little Blurry – Hispanics
Leads to Social Distance- how distant two ethnicities are from each other
Ethnocentrism- groups perceived identity is better
Often leads to ethnic conflict

21. Race
Does not exist on a scientific level, despite influence of the idea.
Biological variation is real; the order we impose on this variation by using the concept of race is not.
Race is a product of the human mind, not of nature
The truth is that there is very little fundamental genetic variety between humans and no way to tell where one category stops and another begins.
Most of us are muts
Race is literally skin deep. There has not been enough time for much genetic variation
We do not have distinct “races” or “subspecies.”

22. Japan Town, San Francisco, 1910
Race in the U.S.
Genetic mixing is so common and complete that most geographers dismiss race as a category since it can not be clearly tied to place.
Rosa Parks
Japan Town, San Francisco, 1910
Dogs Used to Control Protestors, 1957

23. What is the difference between Race and Ethnicity?
Ethnicity- the identity of a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.
What is the difference between Race and Ethnicity?
Examples

24. What Defines an “Ethnicity”?
Factors inherent in human selfhood and the "psyche"
home
family
values
relationship styles
foundational beliefs holding a related group of people together.
Worldview issues entails
a common history
customs
sense of oneness
social structures holding the related people together

25. What is an Ethnic Group?
An ethnic group is a group of human individuals who share a common, unique self-identity.
An ethnic group is also called a “people” or a “people group.”
A common technical term for an ethnic group is “ethnolinguistic.”

26. Ethnicity
The “ethno” in “ethnolinguistic” refers to other aspects of culture that make up “ethnicity.”
Usually there is a common self-name and a sense of common identity of individuals identified with the group.
Some other common ethnic factors that define or distinguish a people are: 1. a common history, 2. customs, 3. family and clan identities, as well as 4. marriage rules and practices, 5. age-grades and other obligation covenants, and 6. inheritance patterns and rules.
What they call themselves may vary at different levels of identity, or among various sub-groups.

27. What is ethnicity? How is it different than race?
1. identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Thus: customs, cultural characteristics, language, common history, homeland, etc...
2. a socially created system of rules about who belongs and who does not belong to a particular group based on actual or perceived commonality of origin, race, culture. This notion is clearly tied to place.
Turkish
Armenian
Puerto Rican
Mongolian
Japanese
Kazakh
Thai
Chinese

28. The fourteen races w/in the U.S., as decided by the Census, are:
The most common ethnicities within the U.S. are African Americans (Not Africans) and Hispanics/Latinos, about 13% each.
Others include Asian American (4%) and American Indian (1%).
The fourteen races w/in the U.S., as decided by the Census, are:
white,
black-African American-Negro,
American Indian-Alaska Native,
Asian Indian,
Chinese,
Filipino,
Japanese,
Korean,
Vietnamese,
Native Hawaiian,
Guamanian-Chamorro,
Samoan,
other Pacific islander,
other race.

29. Within a country, clustering of ethnicities may occur on a regional scale, or within particular neighborhoods of cities.
Regional-
In the U.S., African Americans are clustered in the S.E.,
Hispanics in the S.W.
Asians in the West
Native Americans in the S.W. and Great Plains.
Why?

30. Within cities:
African Americans are highly clustered within cities, greater than 50% of blacks live within cities.
Ex- In Detroit, A-A comprise 80% of the pop, but only one-fourteenth the pop of the rest of Michigan.
The distribution of Hispanics in northern cities is similar to that of African Americans, for instance NYC is ¼ Hispanic, but only 1/16th the rest of New York.
Why are they distributed in this manner?
Jobs, Comfort, three D work

31. Neighborhoods
The clustering of ethnicities is especially visible on the neighborhood level. Such as in Chicago where many of the immigrants from S. and E. Europe tended to chain migrate to specific city blocks in such density that certain areas of town became known for a specific ethnicity.
Pg 215 in your book
descendants of European immigrants are more likely to retain their ethnic identity through religion, food, and other cultural traditions rather than through location of residence.
What are some examples in your life? Weddings food, special events, holidays
Increasingly the ethnic concentrations in the U.S. are African Americans from the South, Hispanics, or Asians

32. The current clustering of African Americans w/in the U. S
The current clustering of African Americans w/in the U.S. results from three major migration flows:
Immigration from Africa in the 18th century (slave trade)
Immigration from the South to northern cities during first ½ of 20th century.
Immigration from inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods in the second ½ of the 20th century.

33. Triangular slave trade- an efficient triangular trading pattern used to transport trinkets from Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa to the Caribbean, and molasses from the Caribbean to Europe. An optional stop was from the Caribbean with molasses to the U.S. to exchange for rum and then back to Europe.
in your book
Sharecropper- an individual who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.

34. Racist- a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism
Racism- the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.
Racist- a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism
Stereotypes worksheet

35. Racism or stereotyping can lead to a phenomenon
“White flight” is the rapid fleeing of whites from the cities as black families emigrate out of the ghettos, or as the ghetto expands. It was encouraged by blockbusting.
blockbusting- the real estate practice of scaring whites into selling their homes at low prices by telling them that blacks would soon be moving in and causing property values to fall.
The real estate agents then turned around and sold the homes at extremely high prices to blacks that were emigrating from the inner city.
Do you think this still happening today?

36. Apartheid- the physical separation of different races into different geographic areas, i.e. South Africa.
The apartheid laws were repealed in 1991 in South Africa, but many years will be needed to erase the legacy of such racist policies
in your book
E.C.- Invictus

37. Some Basic Terminology
Racial group: inherited biological traits
Myths: racial superiority, racial purity
Ethnic group: shared cultural traits
Minority group: shared distinctive identity, treated unequally by dominant group
Prejudice (attitude): rigid, often irrational, generalization about an entire category of people (can be positive or negative)

38. Patterns of Inter-Group Relations
Genocide: systemic annihilation (facilitated by labeling target groups as less than fully human)
Population transfer: movement of entire groups of people (direct or indirect)
Internal colonialism: dominant group exploits minorities for labor but denies rights through social institutions
Segregation: physical and social separation (accompanies internal colonialism)
Assimilation: minorities adopt patterns of mainstream culture
Pluralism (multiculturalism): encourages and accepts distinct racial and ethnic variation

39. The Vicious Cycle of Racism

40. Key Issue 2: Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities?
Nationality- the identity of a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country.
Self-determination- the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.

41. Ethnicities into Nationalities
Rise of nationalities
Nation-states
Nationalism
Multinational states
Former Soviet Union
Russia
Turmoil in the Caucasus
Revival of ethnic identity
Ethnicity and communism
Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe

42. Nationalities and States
Nationality - legally it is a term encompassing all the citizens of a state, but most definitions refer now to an identity with a group of people who generally occupy a specific territory and bound together by a sense of unity arising from shared ethnicity, customs, belief, or legal status.
Such unity rarely exists today within a state today.
State - a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government
Nation-state- a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.
Denmark is an excellent example.
Are there any states that still meet the definition of nation-state?

43. Ethnic groups have been transformed into nationalities because desire for self-rule is a very important shared attitude for many of them
Nationalism- loyalty and devotion to a nationality.
Centripetal force- an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.

44. Nationalism As simple patriotism it helps create national unity
the policy or doctrine of asserting the interests of one's own nation, viewed as separate from the interests of other nations.
As simple patriotism it helps create national unity
When extreme it can be very dangerous to minorities and
Can breed intolerance of difference and Others
Do we see examples in the U.S. today?

45. Multi-ethnic state- a state that contains more than one ethnicity.
Multinational states- multi-ethnic states that contain two ethnic groups with traditions of self-rule that agree to coexist peacefully.
The United Kingdom is an example.
The Soviet Union was the largest multinational state until is fall in the early 1990s; it consisted of 15 different republics based on its largest ethnicities.
Now Russia is the largest multinational state, with 39 nationalities.

46. After the fall of the Soviet Union, many new countries in the Baltic (Balkanization) , E. Europe, and Middle East were created
An example of turmoil resulting from poorly drawn boundaries is in the Caucasus region, betwixt the Black and Caspian seas.
Many ethnicities exist here, with several pushing for nationality.

47. Many Europeans believed at the beginning of the 20th century that ethnicities were a thing of the past, however, they were quite incorrect.
After the fall of communism in many states, ethnicities that had long been suppressed were allowed to expand and flourish.
This is especially evident in the former Yugoslavia, which was utterly decimated as minority ethnicities exerted themselves and demanded independence.

48. Republics of the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s

49. Ethnic Groups in Russia
Russia officially recognizes 39 ethnic groups, or nationalities, which are concentrated in western and southern portions of the country.

51. Ethnicities in the Caucasus
The Caucasus region is extremely diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups are spread across several national boundaries. 51

52. Major Tribes in Iraq How can a single nation be
built out of a land with so many
groups that think of themselves
as separate entities?

53. Ethnicities of Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq

54. Key Issue 3: Why do ethnicities clash?
Often the cause of violence is when different ethnicities compete to rule the same region or nationality.
Especially common in sub-Saharan Africa, where the superimposed boundaries of the Europeans colonies poorly coincide with the thousands of ethnicities.
The Horn of Africa has been the site of many ethnic disturbances: Ethiopia and Eritrea, Sudan, Somalia, etc.
Book

55. Ethnicities in Africa
The boundaries of African states do not (and cannot) coincide with the thousands of ethnic groups on the continent.

56. Black “Homelands” in South Africa
During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

62. Ethnic Conflicts
in Africa

63. Enemies who Speak the Same Language
The whole world knows about the Tutsi and Hutu in Burundi and Rwanda.
These two groups from different historical origins have shared the same language and culture for centuries.
Yet they have maintained distinct social and ethnic identities for almost 2000 years.

64. Related Peoples with Different Languages
For over a century the Arabs in East Africa have spoken Swahili as their sole mother tongue, as have the Shirazi in Mombasa for centuries.
But the Arabs have maintained their self-identity as Arabs, both by name and culture, and maintained contacts with Arabs from Oman, Yemen and other Arab countries, some even learning Arabic as a second language.
Thus the Shirazi Swahili and the East African Arabs speak the same language and they are quite close in culture and religion.
But they definitely don’t consider themselves related.

65. These issues can lead to Ethnic cleansing
The other main source of ethnic violence occurs when ethnicities are divided among more than one state.
Such as in S. Asia where the British divided their former colony into Pakistan and India. (East Pakistan became Bangladesh after 1971)
As a result of the partition, millions of Hindus had to migrate from the Pakistans, and Muslims had to migrate from India.
During the course of the migrations, many adherents were killed by members of the opposite religion.
controversy continues in the northern area of Kashmir over the proper border.
Similar unrest is present on the island of Sri Lanka, betwixt the Tamil Hindus and the Sinhalese Buddhists.
These issues can lead to Ethnic cleansing

66. Clashes of Ethnicities
Ethnic competition to dominate nationality
Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa
Ethnic competition in Lebanon
Dividing ethnicities among more than one state
Dividing ethnicities in South Asia
Dividing Sri Lanka among ethnicities

67. Ethnicity in the Horn of Africa
There have been numerous inter-ethnic civil conflicts in the countries of the Horn of Africa (including the Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia).

68. Ethnicities in Lebanon
Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and Druze are dominant in different areas of the country.

70. Ethnic formal culture regions

72. The 56 Ethnicities of China

73. Ethnic Division of South Asia
Partition of South Asia Between India and Pakistan, 1947
Religions of South Asia, 1909
At independence in 1947, British India was divided into India and Pakistan, resulting in the migration of 17 million people and many killings. In 1971, after a brutal civil war, East Pakistan became the country of Bangladesh.

74. Jammu and Kashmir
Although its population is mainly Muslim, much of Jammu and Kashmir became part of India in India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the territory, and there has been a separatist insurgency in the area.

75. Sinhalese & Tamils in Sri Lanka
The Sinhalese are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European language, while the Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a Dravidian language.

76. Key Issue 4: What is ethnic cleansing?
Ethnic cleansing- the process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcible removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.
Probably the best example is WWII in which millions of Jews, gypsies, and other ethnicities were forcibly moved to concentration camps, where most were exterminated.
E.C. Schindler’s List

77. When Yugoslavia was one country, encompassing multiple ethnicities, dissent was kept under control.
once Yugoslavia broke up into six republics, the boundaries did not align with the boundaries of the five largest nationalities, and ethnicities fought to redefine the boundaries.
In some cases, as in Bosnia and Kosovo, ethnic cleansing was used to strengthen certain nationalities’ cases for autonomy. As a result, millions of ethnicities were forcibly removed from their homes, and marched elsewhere, or simply killed.
Similar ethnic cleansing occurs in Central Africa betwixt the Hutus and Tutsis.

78. Ethnic Cleansing Ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia
Creation of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia
Destruction of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia
Ethnic cleansing in central Africa

79. Irredentism
Irredentism is any position advocating annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity or prior historical possession, actual or alleged.
Some of these movements are also called pan movements.
It is a feature of identity politics and cultural and political geography.
Since most borders have been moved and redrawn at one point, a great many countries could theoretically present irredentist claims to their neighbors.

83. Forced Migrations after World War Two
Territorial changes after World War II resulted in many migrations, especially by Poles, Germans, and Russians.

86. Balkanized- used to describe a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized onto one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other.
Balkanization- the process by which a state breaks down due to conflicts among its ethnicities.
Led directly to WW I
Belief that only peace can come from ethnic cleansing

87. The Balkans in 1914
The northern part of the Balkans was part of Austria-Hungary in 1914, while much of the south was part of the Ottoman Empire. The country of Yugoslavia was created after World War I. 87

88. Enemies who Speak the Same Language
Some people groups find their worst enemies in other ethnic groups speaking the same mother tongue.
Sometimes they are actual cousin peoples.
One example is found in Bosnia.
Three traditional enemies there, the Serbs, the Croats and the Muslims, all speak Serbo-Croatian.
Yet they are separated by clear boundaries of culture, history, religion and self-identity.

89. Languages in Southeastern Europe
Several new states were created, and boundaries were shifted after World Wars I and II. New state boundaries often coincided with language areas.

90. Enduring Ethnic Prejudice in Europe
Autochthones - an aboriginal inhabitant, one of the indigenous peoples of a region.
Allochthones – non-indigenous peoples, among them the Roma, who are excluded from the political, cultural, economic, social and geographical center and are deemed to stay out of official cultural history.
Roma (Gypsies) – among the last Goddess-worshipers in Europe, probably originating in the Indus Valley. Romani groups around the world hold different traditions, customs and beliefs and generally have absorbed the gajikane (non-Roma) local culture.

91. Ethnic Regions in Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia’s six republics until 1992 included much ethnic diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil wars of the 1990s.

92. Bridge in Mostar, Yugoslavia
The Stari Most (old bridge) was built in This was the bridge before the civil war in Bosnia & Herzegovina.

93. Bridge Destroyed in Bosnian War 1993

94. Rebuilt Bridge, 2004

95. Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo
Aerial photography helped document the stages of ethnic cleansing in western Kosovo in 1999.

96. Ethnic Changes in Yugoslavia

97. Key Concepts Balkanization Ethnic cleansing Ethnicity
Multi-ethnic state
Multinational state
Nation-state
Race
Racism
Ethnic islands
Ethnic homelands
Assimilation
Acculturation
Genocide
Pluralism
Irredentism

98. Rubenstein, James- Cultural Landscape; An Introduction to Human Geography
Ike Heard-
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