1. The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900
Chapter 9
The Industrial Revolution

2. The Beginnings of Industrialization
Chapter 9, Section 1
The Beginnings of Industrialization

3. Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
In 1700, small farms covered England and textiles were woven by hand
The Industrial Revolution began in England during this time, increasing the output of machine-made goods

4. Agricultural Revolution
Wealthy landowners in England began buying huge portions of land
They called these large fields enclosures, and experimented with new farming techniques
This caused small farmers to become tenant farmers or move to cities

5. Rotating Crops
The process of crop rotation (planting different crops each year to increase soil nutrients) proved to be one of the best developments of the time
Livestock breeders also used new techniques, causing food supply to increase and population to grow

6. Industrial Revolution in England
England had many natural resources needed for industrialization
Expanding economy, political stability, and developed banking system also supported industrialization
Britain had all factors of production needed (land, labor, and capital)

7. Changes in the Textile Industry
Textiles involve cotton, wool, and cloth
Because of new large inventions, textile manufacturing needed to be done in a large space
Textile factories were built near rivers and streams for waterpower

8. Improvements in Transportation
In 1765, James Watt invented a faster and more efficient steam engine
Water transportation improved with the use of steamboats
Road building and maintenance were also greatly improved, making travel easier

9. The Railway Age: Steam-Driven Locomotives
In 1804, Richard Trevithick invented a steam-driven locomotive
In 1821, George Stephenson worked on the first railroad line, which was 27 miles long and opened in It ran from Yorkshire to Stockton.

10. The Railway Age: Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
In 1830, a railway line from Liverpool to Manchester opened, revolutionizing life in Britain
Manufacturers now had cheap transportation, hundreds of thousands of new jobs were created, and travel and relocation was possible for people of all classes

11. Chapter 9, Section 2
Industrialization

12. Industrialization Changes Life
The pace of industrialization accelerated quickly
By the 1800’s, people were earning more in factories than on farms
Cities grew with many job seekers

13. Industrial Cities Rise
After 1800, the British population began shifting towards cities
This period is known as urbanization- city building and the movement of people to cities
London became the country’s most important and largest city

14. Living Conditions
Because England’s cities grew so rapidly, they had no services or infrastructure in order
Most families crowded into tiny spaces, and disease was widespread
Well-to-do merchants and factory workers built homes in the suburbs

15. Working Conditions
The average worker spent 14 hours a day at work, 6 days a week
Many workers were injured by machines and poor lighting
Many women and children were also employed, because their wages were cheaper.

16. Class Tensions: The Middle Class
The middle class was a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers
Even with new wealth, many members of the aristocracy looked down on the middle class

17. Class Tensions: The Working Class
From , laborers, or the working class, saw little improvement in their conditions
Many workers were put out of work because of machines
Mobs of workers rioted outside of factories because of poor living and working conditions

18. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Created jobs for workers
Contributed to the wealth of the nation
Fostered technological progress and invention
Increased production of goods
Raised standard of living
Healthier diets, better housing, cheaper clothing, and educational opportunities

19. Industrialization Spreads
Chapter 9, Section 3
Industrialization Spreads

20. Industrialization in the United States
Industrialization in the U.S. began in textiles
First factory in the U.S. was in Pawtucket, Rhode Island and manufactured thread
Thousands of young single women moved to factory towns for work, often working 12 hours a day, 6 days a week

21. Later Expansion of U.S. Industry
The U.S. remained primarily agricultural until the 1860’s, when the country experienced a technological boom
Railroads played a major role in America’s industrialization, and cities expanded rapidly

22. The Rise of Corporations
Large businesses like railroads required large sums of money
Entrepreneurs sold shares of stock, or certain rights of ownership, forming corporations, or businesses owned by stockholders
In the late 1800’s many large corporations sprang up

23. Beginnings in Belgium Belgium began to adopt Britain’s technology
It also had many natural resources and waterways for transportation
Many British workers moved to Belgium to work and several of them founded their own factories

24. Germany Industrializes
Because of economic isolation and scattered resources, there was no countrywide industrialization
Pockets of industrialization appeared
Germany imported British machines and workers and built railroads to link its major cities

25. Expansion Elsewhere in Europe
Industrialization spread across Europe in pockets
France began industrialization in the 1830’s, but it got a slow start mainly because the country had an agricultural economy
Some European countries did not industrialize at all due to various reasons

26. The Impact of Industrialization
Rise of Global Inequality:
Widened the wealth gap between countries
Caused race for colonization to obtain raw materials
Transformation of Society:
Revolutionized everyday life, and population, health, and wealth increased
Created a new middle class

27. Reforming the Industrial World
Chapter 9, Section 4
Reforming the Industrial World

28. Laissez-faire Economics
Laissez-faire is a term that refers to allowing owners of industry to set working conditions without interference
Stemmed from French economic thinkers of the Enlightenment
Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776, arguing for economic liberty

29. The Economics of Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested to make a profit
Laissez-faire thinkers opposed government efforts to help the poor
They thought the market should set wages and working conditions

30. Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism was introduced by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700’s
People should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness
The government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people

31. Socialism
In socialism, the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
Socialists argued the government should plan the economy, and that public ownership of goods would help workers

32. Marxism: Radical Socialism
Karl Marx introduced a radical type of socialism called Marxism
Wrote The Communist Manifesto, in which Marx argued that human societies have always been divided into warring classes
Predicted the workers (proletariats) would overthrow the owners (bourgeoisie)

33. The Future According to Marx
Marx believed the capitalist system would eventually destroy itself through revolts
Marx called his final stage in which society was controlled by the proletariat communism- a complete form of socialism in which everything is owned by the people

34. Unionization
A union speaks for all the workers in a particular trade and engages in relations between workers and their employers
If factory owners refused demands, workers could strike, or refuse to work
Skilled workers led the way in forming unions

35. Reform Laws
In 1833, Britain passed the Factory Act, making it illegal to hire children under 9
In 1842, the Mines Act prevented women and children from working underground
In 1847, the Ten Hours Act limited the workday to 10 hours for women and children

36. The Abolition of Slavery
British Parliament ended the slave trade in the West Indies in 1807, and in all of Britain in 1833
Slavery was ended in the United States in 1865 when the Union won the Civil War
The last country to abolish slavery was Brazil in 1888

37. The Fight for Women’s Rights
During the Industrial Revolution, women only typically made one-third of what men did in the factories
In order to address this and other issues, women formed unions, ran settlement houses, and formed groups to campaign for women’s rights

38. Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life
Reformers in the United States and Western Europe worked to correct problems created by industrialization
Public schooling started to become available by the 1850’s, and many prisons were reformed to emphasize rehabilitation