1. 2011 National Academies Northstar Institute for Undergraduate Education in Biology Endocytosis: the Dynamic Nature of the Endomembrane System Notes to Instructors are italicized on slides and in notes

2. Context 1 class session in Introductory Biology for majors Taught in a large lecture hall Pre-existing information (from previous lectures) Cell parts (including cytoskeleton) Membrane structure Exocytosis Reading before class: Textbook section on endocytosis “How Viruses Hijack Endocytic Machinery”

3. Goal: Understand the role of endocytosis in cell physiology Outcomes Explain steps in endocytosis using the concepts of molecular recognition and sorting Explain the function of endocytosis in cell metabolism Predict how perturbations of endocytic processes affects cells Explain how the endocytic process may be hijacked by pathogens Analyze and interpret experimental data Connect graphical data with visual representations

4. Assessments Identify and order the steps of endocytosis Use concepts of molecular recognition and sorting to explain specificity in the process Interpret data about how a perturbation affects endocytosis and predict consequences for cells Given information about how a drug affects endocytosis, analyze experimental data to determine how a pathogen enters a cell Predict how drug treatment might prevent a pathogen from reaching the cytosol

5. 7/14/11 New material is presented in multiple ways including extensive use of animations. Interactions include everyone in the class. The unit incorporates a variety of learning activities and student interactions. Material incorporates diverse examples that will reach different audiences. Diversity

6. Class plan (single class session) Before class: Students complete assigned reading 1. Think-pair-share activity (10 min) Use a diagram to identify and order steps in the endocytic pathway 2. Lecture (20 min) Key concepts: molecular recognition and sorting 3. Data analysis and predictions (20 min) Brainstorming and clicker questions Homework assignment

7. How do cells “eat”? Membrane transporters & channels Endocytosis

8. Pathogens use the endocytic pathway to get into cells e.g.: flu virus Salmonella ?

9. Think-Pair-Share: Endocytosis A) THINK INDIVIDUALLY (4 minutes) Read the terms on next slide Choose endocytosis terms Draw a labeled diagram using those terms B) PAIR (2 minutes) Discuss your diagram with your neighbor Modify your diagram as needed C) SHARE (2 minutes) We will use one stellar example in lecture Modify your diagram as we discuss

10. Choose appropriate terms and create your own labeled diagram Cargo Clathrin Coated pit Coated vesicle Endosome ER Golgi Lysosome Mitochondria Naked vesicle Plasma membrane Receptor

11. Lecture starts Mini-lecture + student input to cover the concepts on the next few slides and videos Remind students to add to their diagram: Phagocytosis, pinocytosis differences and similarities

12. Types of Endocytosis 1.Multiple “pathways” of endocytosis 2.Molecular recognition between cell (receptor) and cargo (internalized object) Biology (2002) Campbell et al.

13. Receptor-mediated Endocytosis Animated Video: Key Points 1.Recognition of SPECIFIC cargo 2.Multiple steps + compartments 3.Consequences for cargo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lNKKg6hIBcM © Molecular Biology of the Cell (2002) Alberts et al.

14. Lecture continues Cover steps clathrin acidification-2 steps Concepts: Molecular recognition Sorting cargo-receptor vesicle-vesicle Why do we need this? © Molecular Biology of the Cell (2002) Alberts et al.

15. Phagocytosis Animated Video: Key Points 1. Similarities to receptor-mediated endocytosis Molecular recognition Sorting 2. Differences No clathrin http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VQU28itVVw Animation: © McGraw-Hill

16. Phagocytosis Molecular recognition between cell and bacterium Lysosomes fuse with phagosome: Sorting: vesicles  specific places Molecular recognition: lysosomes  phagosomes What would happen if lysosomes fused with any (all) cellular membranes?

17. Exercise: Assess understanding of endocytosis by interpreting real data A study used a drug that blocks endocytosis to determine how viruses enter/infect cells. Viruses: Ebola virus Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Drug: Chlorpromazine (Drug C) Adapted from: Bhattacharyya et al (2010)

18. Drug C: effect on normal cell endocytosis Images show clathrin localization inside cells. nucleus Clathrin coated pits or vesicles Clathrin “clumps” C Adapted from: Bhattacharyya et al (2010)

19. Brainstorm in pairs (2 min): What steps of endocytosis might be affected by Drug C? Drug C: effect on normal cell endocytosis nucleus Clathrin coated pits or vesicles Clathrin “clumps” C

20. Drug C Clathrin “clumps” = non-functional ? ? Adapted from Genes & Dev. 1998. 12: 3663-3674

21. % of cells infected Drug C Ebola Drug C: effect on viral entry into cells Test cells received Drug C + virus. Untreated cells received only virus. Control cells received no virus. 3 viruses: Ebola, VSV and HIV. Infection is when virus reached cytosol. Adapted from: Bhattacharyya et al (2010)

22. % of cells infected Drug C Ebola Drug C: effect on viral entry into cells Test cells received Drug C + virus. Untreated cells received only virus. Control cells received no virus. 3 viruses: Ebola, VSV and HIV. Infection is when virus reached cytosol. Clicker Q1 (1 min): Which virus(es) enter the cell by clathrin-mediated endocytosis? A. Ebola only B. VSV only C. HIV only D. VSV and HIV

23. % of cells infected Drug C Ebola Drug C: effect on viral entry into cells Test cells received Drug C + virus. Untreated cells received only virus. Control cells received no virus. 3 viruses: Ebola, VSV and HIV. Infection is when virus reached cytosol. Clicker Q2 (1 min): Which virus(es) require receptors to enter the cell? A. Ebola only B. VSV only C. HIV only D. Not enough information

24. Clicker Q3 (1 min.): Bafilomycin blocks endosome acidification. Which cell diagram represents where Ebola will be located after treatment with this drug? (Small spots = virus.) A BCD V CVCV C PREDICT THE OUTCOME

25. Drug C Clathrin “clumps” = non-functional Bafilomycin Blocks endosome acidification ? ?

26. Q1: What is the most likely method by which VSVg enters the cell? A.Clathrin-mediated endocytosis B.phagocytosis C.pinocytosis D.not enough information Q2: Justify your answer to Q1 Q3: Based on experiments with Chlorpromazine (discussed in class) and Bafilomycin, what method do you think HIV uses to enter the cell? Q4: What would happen to a normal cell treated with Bafilomycin, i.e. what are the side effects of this drug? % of cells infected Bafilomycin This experiment is like the one in class, except cells were treated with Bafilomycin, which inhibits endosome acidification. Homework Bafilomycin: effect on viral entry into cells Ebola