1. Chapter Two

2. Exploration – Seeking new lands and new routes to old lands. Finished Goods – Made out of raw materials (e.g tree > paper); sold for profit (see mercantilism cycle) European Fisherman – Attracted to North America (Atlantic coast)

3. Reasons for Exploration Kings and Queens looking for a short and cheap route to the Far East (silk & spices). Power struggle between the European powers (Portugal, Spain, England, France, Holland). Age of Exploration (Renaissance Period/Crusades) – Renewed interest in knowledge (maps) and technology (ship building). Mercantilism – Economic theory where a country acquires wealth by developing colonies as a source of raw materials and markets for finished goods.

4. Ethnocentrism – A belief that one’s culture is best. Acculturation – When two cultures meet and affect each other over a period of time.

6. John Cabot Italian born Explored and claimed lands for England Mid-1400s Discovered cod fish on the coast of Newfoundland

7. Jacques Cartier French mariner who was paid by the King of France to search for a short route to the Far East. Reached the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in 1534 and placed a cross claiming “Long live the King of France.” Sailed up the Saint Lawrence up to Montreal in 1535. Established a permanent French settlement in 1541, but the settlement failed

9. Colonization When the mother country brings a separate region under its direct control. To control the newly claimed lands, colonization was essential. Colonies were a source of cheap raw materials (fish and furs), cheap labour and a market for manufactured finished goods. Important part of the trading theory “mercantilism.”

10. Fur Trading Companies Trading companies managed the French fur trade in North America. Pierre Du Gua de Monts – Was granted a monopoly (control all of the buying and selling) on the fur trade in Canada in 1603. In 1604, de Monts and Samuel de Champlain (his map maker) established a French establishment in Ste. Croix Island in Acadia. In 1605, Du Gua moved the settlement to Port Royal.

12. Charter – Kings gave permission to explore and settle the lands. Emigrate – Leave one country for another. Scurvy – Lack of vitamin C; Natives showed the Europeans how to cure this (i.e. fresh food)

13. Samuel de Champlain Was called the “Father of New France” because he tried hard to establish a permanent settlement in New France. He was a navigator and a map maker by profession. Wanted to bring Christianity to the First Nations people. Sometimes acted as a missionary for the Catholic Church. Established a settlement in Quebec in 1608. Created an alliance (union) with the Huron and Algonquin against the English, Dutch and Iroquois.

14. Jesuits / Black Robes Catholic Religion – hospitals, schools, Christianity

15. Company of 100 Associates 1627 – France granted the Company of the 100 Associates a monopoly on the fur trade in New France. Company of 100 Associates promised to bring 4000 French Catholics to settle New France over the next 15 years. Went out of business in 1663 due to war between England and France

16. Company of Habitants In 1645, the Company of 100 Associates allowed the Company of Habitants to take over the monopoly on the fur trade in New France.

18. Algonkian People Lived in the eastern woodlands Included Algonquin, Ottawa, Micmac & Montagnais.

19. Huron People Lived in the eastern woodlands. Was a farming group. Had a long established trading network among tribes before the European Men came. Champlain and the French established a trading network and alliance with the Huron.

21. ` ` ``Coureurs de bois” - Runners of the Woods Adventurist young men of New France who would go into the woods for furs. They expanded the fur trade and explored deep into the Canadian interior. Increased French control over the area.

22. ` ` Huron Extinction European diseases - small pox and measles Lack of guns – French did not supply many unless they gave a lot more furs War with the Iroquois

23. ` ` British Colonization Thirteen Colonies in USA – East coast Tobacco – gold and silver failed Jamestown 1607 Hudson’s Bay Company – R & G – French traders Built trading posts at the mouths of rivers Rupert’s Land