1. Yellow Fever
Rob Sukumar, BIOL 402

2. Overview Acute disease caused by virus
Virus is within the class of flaviviruses
Mosquito vector
Two potential stages of the virus
Effective vaccine exists

3. Present in 45 countries
All in Latin America, Africa

4. Vector (Aedes Aegypti)
- Also causes Dengue fever and Chikungunya
Preferred breeding areas are in stagnant water
- Genome was sequenced, and published by researchers at Notre Dame in 2007

5. Yellow Fever has Three Transmission Cycles

6. Initial symptoms are not severe
3-6 day incubation
Acute, febrile phase
Aches, nausea, shivers
Average fever lasts 3.3 days

7. Toxic Phase can follow after remission
Acute phase goes into 24-hour remission
15% of patients advance to toxic phase
Hepatorenal disease
Excessive bleeding

8. Liver Damage  Jaundice
Yellowing of skin, eyes
Caused by increased levels of bilirubin
Bilirubin product of liver

9. Virus is single-stranded, positive-sense
10 proteins (3 structural, 7 NS proteins)
NS proteins responsible for replication in cells

10. Infects Kupffer cells, hepatocytes

11. Initial Diagnosis is Difficult
Toxic phase far more obvious

12. No Antiviral Treatment
Treat symptoms

13. Effective Vaccine Exists!
Yellow fever 17D vaccine
Required for certain travel

14. There are ways to limit the risk of yellow fever
Increase vaccine distribution
Mosquito control

15. Yellow Fever is a reemerging disease
One of six reemerging diseases (CDC)
Asia extremely vulnerable
Yellow Fever Initiative (WHO,UNICEF)

16. Sources
Images

17. Sources (continued) Information
Monath, Thomas. “Yellow Fever: an update.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 1.1. August 2001.
CM Rice, EM Lenches, Eddy SR, SJ Shin, RL Sheets, JH Strauss. “Nucleotide Sequence of Yellow fever virus.” Science (August 1985).
Robertson SE, Hull BP. “Yellow Fever: A Decade of Reemergence.” Journal of the American Medical Association (October 9, 1996)
“Yellow Fever Fact Sheet.” Weekly Epidemiological Record (January 2009)
World Health Organization. “Yellow Fever.” December,
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. “Yellow Fever.” November,
Monath TP, Barrett AD. “Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Yellow Fever.” Department of Microbiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 2003.
Nichols EM, Gleyzer A. “Yellow Fever.” October 22,