1. Genetics in the Animal Industry A.Describe 2 types of selection B.Compare Phenotype and Genotype C.Define Common Terms used in genetics D.Describe the interrelationship between genetics and the environment. E.Demonstrate the use of a punnet square F.Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry

2. Natural Selection – No human intervention – Survival of the fittest – Based on an organism’s ability to SURVIVE and pass on its GENETIC information to its offspring. A.Describe 2 types of selection

3. Artificial Selection HUMANS control which organisms pass on their GENETIC information (reproduce) A.Describe 2 types of selection

4. Phenotype Genotype Observable physical characteristic An organism’s genetic code (genes) Phenotype= Black Genotype= BB or Bb (a pattern of letters representing the genes for color) B. Compare Phenotype and Genotype

5. Terms in Genetics Gene= Factor that control traits Alleles= Different forms of genes – Paired (AA or Aa) & represented by a letter C. Define Common Terms used in genetics

6. Terms in Genetics Adaptability= The ability of a BREED to become SUITABLE to specific environmental conditions C. Define Common Terms used in genetics

7. Terms in Genetics Type= a group of ANIMALS that are grouped together according to the PRODUCTS they produce – Examples: Beef type cattle, Dairy type cattle, Wool type sheep, Mutton type sheep C. Define Common Terms used in genetics

8. Terms in Genetics Species= a group of similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring. C. Define Common Terms used in genetics Canine Equine

9. Terms in Genetics Breed= animals having a common ORIGIN and CHARACTERISTICS different from animals within the same SPECIES. Canine Equine Irish Wolfhound Golden RetrieverChihuahua Quarter Horse Clydesdale Miniature Horse

10. Terms in Genetics Purebred= – individuals within a BREED – must have ALL of the required CHARACTERISTICS – recorded PEDIGREE.

11. Terms in Genetics Dominant alleles= – Represented by CAPITAL letters – This trait is the one EXPRESSED (BB) Recessive alleles= – Represented by LOWER case letters (bb) – Only expressed if both parents donate recessive genes for a trait C. Define Common Terms used in genetics

12. Terms in Genetics Homozygous= Alleles express same trait type – (BB dominate) OR (bb recessive) Heterozygous= two different alleles for the same trait (Bb) C. Define Common Terms used in genetics

13. Heredity vs Environment Heredity= the POTENTIAL an animal has to show specific TRAITS or performance due to its GENETIC information D. Describe the interrelationship between genetics and the environment.

14. Environment= the EXTERNAL conditions that affect the traits and PERFORMANCE of an animal D. Describe the interrelationship between genetics and the environment. Heredity vs Environment

15. D. Describe the interrelationship between genetics and the environment. Heredity vs Environment Traits&Performance EnvironmentGenetics = +

16. Some TRAITS are influenced more by an organism's ENVIRONMENT Other traits are influenced most by GENETICS D. Describe the interrelationship between genetics and the environment.EnvironmentGenetics

17. Heredity vs Environment HERITABILITY= The percentage a trait is affected by its genetic information. – A heritability factor of 0.0 = little influence from genetic information. – A heritability factor of 1.0 = BIG influence from genetic information. D. Describe the interrelationship between genetics and the environment.

18. Heredity vs Environment Examples of Heritability: Birth Weight =.40 Weaning Weight =.30 Multiple Births = 0.0 - 0.10 Dressing Percentage =.60 D. Describe the interrelationship between genetics and the environment.

19. Punnet Square E. Demonstrate the use of a punnet square Holstein Cattle Black & white Red & White B b bb Bbbb bbbb Bb bb A method of calculating the chances of inheriting a specific trait

20. Punnet Square E. Demonstrate the use of a punnet square B b bb Bb bb bbbb Suppose you have a Holstein dairy farm of ALL black and white cows. You want some red and white Holsteins. Is it possible??? B bbbb Bb

21. F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry How to design a breeding system: 1.Set Goals 2.Choose measureable traits 3.Select parents according to goals

22. 22 F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry

23. How to measure traits Qualitative Traits: – Controlled by SINGLE pair of genes – Not altered by environment – Example: Coat Color Quantitative Traits: – Controlled by SEVERAL pair of genes – Can be altered by environment – Examples: Weight gain, growth rate, backfat depth, etc. F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry

24. 24 Breed only animals that are purebred with registration papers Goal: To produce high quality animals to sell as breeding stock F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry

25. 25 Breed purebred sires to commercial females Replacement females are kept and bred back to the purebred sire Goal: To produce progeny resembling the purebred sire & Save money F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry Most common in the livestock industry!!

26. 26 The mating of animals of different breeds Goal: To take advantage of hybrid vigor and hopefully have offspring inherit good traits of both parents hybrid vigor (heterosis) -- crossbred offspring exceeds the average of the two parental breeds F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry

27. 27 F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry

28. 28 mating of related individuals – sires and dams that share at least one ancestor Necessary when creating new breeds or when you need to isolate genes for chosen traits Goal: Isolate unique/rare genes and perpetuate them Full Brother X Full Sister.25 coefficient or 25% inbred Half Brother X Half Sister.125 coefficient or 12.5% inbred F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry

29. 29 Increase uniformity of offspring Could result in the surfacing of deleterious genes Reduction in performance because what use to be hidden by recessive genes is now being expressed deleterious gene – could cause undesirable effects on an individual’s viability, productivity and/or economic value F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry

30. 30 “Lethal White” gene in Paints: F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry Foals carried full term All white or mostly white coats Look & Seem fine at birth BUT colon is non functioning. They show symptoms of colic and die within 48 hours. Gene is carried on the overo color gene Recessive gene was perpetuated as overo paints were bred.

31. 31 A minor form of inbreeding with the attempt to keep a relationship to a highly regarded ancestor Elite Sire X Half Sisters Son of Elite Sire X Daughter of above Females Grandsire X Granddaughters F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry

32. Study for Test Genotype vs Phenotype Homozygous, heterozygous Artificial vs natural selection Breeding systems Punnet squares – Solve – Ratio of phenotypes and genotypes

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34. Bell Quiz Describe the difference between environment and genetics Describe difference between Natural Selection and artificial selection Give an example of a Homozygous dominant genotype Is it possible to get a red and white holstein calf from a black and white cow? The trait of birth weight has a heritability factor of 0.6, would it wise to try to improve your weaning weight through genetics? What tool would you use to choose sires that will improve weaning weight?