1. Bostang Radjagukguk Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture Gadjah Mada University, Sekip, Yogyakarta 55581, Indonesia E-mail : Bostang@idola.net.id

2. n Pressing need for increasing food production, and export commodities (e.g. oil palm) n Land conversion on Java (60% of Indonesia’s rice production) and shortage of suitable mineral land outside Java n Large expanses of peatland (+ 20 million), in sparsely populated areas

3. is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED,1990)

4. is the use of farming practices and systems which maintain or enhance : n the economic viability of agricultural production; n the natural resource base ; and n other ecosystems which are influenced by agricultural activities (SCA Technical Report Series No.36,1991)

5. Productivity : net unit of output per unit of input Stability : Constancy of productivity despite fluctuations in environmental variables Resiliency : ability to maintain productivity when subjected to stress or shock Adaptability : ability of system to respond to change in its environment to ensure survival Equability : evenness of distribution of products among human beneficiaries Autonomy : ability of system to function normally using only resources under its control Solidarity : ability of associated social system to make and implement decisions regarding its management

6. n Economic development vs. Conservation Pressing human needs Time span Human ingenuity n Problem to be Solved Suitable crops Hydrology management Soil management Environmental impacts n Research Parameters of sustainability Criteria (evaluation tool) for sustainability