1. Bioenergy and Sustainability in Africa (COMPETE) Francesca Farioli, PhD CIRPS-Sapienza University of Rome

2. 2 Limited access to energy sources, low level of quality of life, lack of livelihood opportunities in rural areas in Africa; with negative impacts (migration, environmental degradation) Sustainability Problem Solution Option (Vision) Decentralized, community-based Biofuel Programs and Facilities that provide rural communities with energy and/or income opportunities Sustainability Science Projects Type 1 Research projects that contribute to creating an Enabling Environment (Guidelines, Policies, Net- works) for biofuel facilities and programs COMPETE Project Goals, Modules, Outcomes COMPETE Land-Use Mapping Sustainability Science Projects Type 2 Research projects that contribute to developing and implementing Biofuel Facilities (Biofuel Sector) Jatropha Biofuel Sector Development in Tanzania and Zambia Biofuel Project in Kabwe (Marli) Biofuel Project in Leguruki (TaTEDO)

3. Lack of livelihood opportunities Lack of quality of life Rural-urban migration Environment degradation Emissions Lack of livelihood opportunities Lack of quality of life Rural-urban migration Environment degradation Emissions Eradicating poverty is the greatest global challenge facing the world today Sustainability problem

4. ACTIONS Agricultural practices Heating, electricity, cooking with nonrenewable energy Traditional use of biomass Illegal lumbering Migration TECHNOLOGIES Diesel/Kerosene lamps Traditional stove Diesel generator Agricultural tools ACTIONS Agricultural practices Heating, electricity, cooking with nonrenewable energy Traditional use of biomass Illegal lumbering Migration TECHNOLOGIES Diesel/Kerosene lamps Traditional stove Diesel generator Agricultural tools Sustainability challenges/ Adverse Effects Lack of livelihood opportunities Lack of quality of life Rural-urban migration Environment degradation Emissions Sustainability challenges/ Adverse Effects Lack of livelihood opportunities Lack of quality of life Rural-urban migration Environment degradation Emissions Farmers Public

5. 5 ACTIONS Agricultural practices Heating, electricity, cooking with nonrenewable energy Traditional use of biomass Illegal lumbering Migration TECHNOLOGIES Diesel/Kerosene lamps Traditional stove Diesel generator Agricultural tools ACTIONS Agricultural practices Heating, electricity, cooking with nonrenewable energy Traditional use of biomass Illegal lumbering Migration TECHNOLOGIES Diesel/Kerosene lamps Traditional stove Diesel generator Agricultural tools (Perceived) BENEFITS Profits (Pesticides, gasoline, etc.) Income, Food, Energy (Perceived) BENEFITS Profits (Pesticides, gasoline, etc.) Income, Food, Energy Companies ADVERSE EFFECTS Farmers

6. 6 ACTIONS Agricultural practices Heating, electricity, cooking with nonrenewable energy Traditional use of biomass Illegal lumbering Migration TECHNOLOGIES Diesel/Kerosene lamps Traditional stove Diesel generator Agricultural tools ACTIONS Agricultural practices Heating, electricity, cooking with nonrenewable energy Traditional use of biomass Illegal lumbering Migration TECHNOLOGIES Diesel/Kerosene lamps Traditional stove Diesel generator Agricultural tools FORMAL/INFORMAL RULES Poorly designed and implemented national policies Lack of natural resource management planning (land conflict) National land tenure regime Commodity price volatility EU CAP policies WTO policies WB electrification program (80) FORMAL/INFORMAL RULES Poorly designed and implemented national policies Lack of natural resource management planning (land conflict) National land tenure regime Commodity price volatility EU CAP policies WTO policies WB electrification program (80) (Perceived) BENEFITS (Perceived) BENEFITS ADVERSE EFFECTS

7. RESOURCES Low income Lack of knowledge Lack of natural resources Social capital Technical & financial assistance 7 ACTIONS Agricultural practices Heating, electricity, cooking with nonrenewable energy Traditional use of biomass Illegal lumbering Migration TECHNOLOGIES Diesel/Kerosene lamps Traditional stove Diesel generator Agricultural tools ACTIONS Agricultural practices Heating, electricity, cooking with nonrenewable energy Traditional use of biomass Illegal lumbering Migration TECHNOLOGIES Diesel/Kerosene lamps Traditional stove Diesel generator Agricultural tools (Perceived) BENEFITS (Perceived) BENEFITS ADVERSE EFFECTS FORMAL/INFORMAL RULES FarmersCompaniesFarmersCompanies State Actors- Aid Ag NEEDS/WANTS/HABITS Energy and food security Access to credit & markets Training & equipment Safety perception Compliance with norms Confidence in traditions Gender inequality FORMAL/INFORMAL RULES

8. Adapted from Wiek 2010 ACTIONS Agricultural practices Heating, electricity, cooking with nonrenewable energy Traditional use of biomass Illegal lumbering Migration TECHNOLOGIES Diesel/Kerosene lamps Traditional stove Diesel generator Agricultural tools ADVERSE EFFECTS Lack of livelihood opportunities Lack of quality of life Depopulation Environment degradation Emissions (Perceived) BENEFITS Income, Food, Energy Profits (Pesticides, gasoline, etc.) NEEDS/WANTS/HABITS Energy and food security Access to credit & markets Training & equipment Safety perception Compliance with norms Confidence in traditions RESOURCES Low income Lack of knowledge Lack of natural resources Social capital Technical & financial assistance FORMAL/INFORMAL RULES National energy policies National agricultural policies National land tenure regime Commodity price volatility EU CAP policies WTO policies WB electrification program (80) Farmers Companies FarmersPublicCompaniesFarmersCompaniesFarmersInvestorsPoliticiansCompanies State Actors- Aid Ag

9. 9 ADVERSE EFFECTS Lack of livelihood opportunities Lack of quality of life Depopulation Environment degradation Emissions (Perceived) BENEFITS Income, Food, Energy Profits (Pesticides, gasoline, etc.) NEEDS/WANTS/HABITS Energy and food security Access to credit & markets Training & equipment Safety perception Compliance with norms Confidence in traditions NEEDS/WANTS/HABITS Energy and food security Access to credit & markets Training & equipment Safety perception Compliance with norms Confidence in traditions RESOURCES Low income Lack of knowledge Resources endowments Social capital Technical & financial assistance FORMAL/INFORMAL RULES National energy policies National agricultural policies National land tenure regime Commodity price volatility EU CAP policies WTO policies WB electrification program (80) FORMAL/INFORMAL RULES National energy policies National agricultural policies National land tenure regime Commodity price volatility EU CAP policies WTO policies WB electrification program (80) Farmers Companies FarmersPublicCompaniesFarmersCompaniesInvestorsPoliticiansCompaniesFarmers Perturbations & Stresses Environmental (e.g.Heartquackes; Flooding; Volcanic eruption; Virus and pests) Socioeocnomic (e.g.Rapid population growth; rapid urbanization) Perturbation e.g. Longer drought periods; more intense episodes of rainfall; sea level rise; serious losses of farm animals; Damages on crops, soil, roads and houses in intense rainfall. Perturbations & Stresses Environmental (e.g.Heartquackes; Flooding; Volcanic eruption; Virus and pests) Socioeocnomic (e.g.Rapid population growth; rapid urbanization) Perturbation e.g. Longer drought periods; more intense episodes of rainfall; sea level rise; serious losses of farm animals; Damages on crops, soil, roads and houses in intense rainfall. ACTIONS Agricultural practices Heating, electricity, cooking with nonrenewable energy Traditional use of biomass Illegal lumbering Migration TECHNOLOGIES Diesel/Kerosene lamps Traditional stove Diesel generator Agricultural tools ACTIONS Agricultural practices Heating, electricity, cooking with nonrenewable energy Traditional use of biomass Illegal lumbering Migration TECHNOLOGIES Diesel/Kerosene lamps Traditional stove Diesel generator Agricultural tools Bioenergy development Opportunities -Improved energy security; -Reduce oil dependency - Reduce Household pollution - Provide a new source of agricultural income and rural development; - Internal market development; - Vulnerability to price volatility reduced; - Reduced GHG emissions. Opportunities -Improved energy security; -Reduce oil dependency - Reduce Household pollution - Provide a new source of agricultural income and rural development; - Internal market development; - Vulnerability to price volatility reduced; - Reduced GHG emissions. Risks - The expansion of the agricultural frontier- Biodiversity; -Deforestation; - Monocropping; - Water pollution; - Competition for inputs – food security -Poor labour conditions -Land access -Unfair distribution of the benefits along the value chain Risks - The expansion of the agricultural frontier- Biodiversity; -Deforestation; - Monocropping; - Water pollution; - Competition for inputs – food security -Poor labour conditions -Land access -Unfair distribution of the benefits along the value chain

10. 10 Limited access to energy sources, low level of quality of life, lack of livelihood opportunities in rural areas in Africa; with negative impacts (migration, environmental degradation) Sustainability Problem Solution Option (Vision) Decentralized, community-based Biofuel Programs and Facilities that provide rural communities with energy and/or income opportunities Sustainability Science Projects Type 1 Research projects that contribute to creating an Enabling Environment (Guidelines, Policies, Net- works) for biofuel facilities and programs COMPETE Project Goals, Modules, Outcomes COMPETE Land-Use Mapping Sustainability Science Projects Type 2 Research projects that contribute to developing and implementing Biofuel Facilities (Biofuel Sector) Jatropha Biofuel Sector Development in Tanzania and Zambia Biofuel Project in Kabwe (Marli) Biofuel Project in Leguruki (TaTEDO)