1. Relationships between ideas -1  Parallel structure: the use of a conjunction to connect words/phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence – and, but, or, nor  Noun + and + noun: Steve and his friend are coming to dinner.  Verb + and + verb: Susan raised her hands and snapped her fingers.

2. Relationships between ideas - 1  Adjective + but + adjective: These shoes are old but comfortable.  Infinitive + or + infinitive: He wants to watch TV or to listen to some music.  A parallel structure may contain more than two parts: Steve, Joe and Alice are coming to dinner.

3. Relationships between ideas - 1  Paired conjunctions: both…and; not only…but also; either…or; neither…nor  Two subjects connected by both…and take a plural verb: Both my mother and my sister are here.  Two subjects connected by not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor can take a singular or plural verb, depending on the subject that is closer to the verb

4. Relationships between ideas - 1  Not only my mother but also my sister is here.  Not only my sister but also my parents are here.  Neither my mother nor my sister is here.  Neither my sister nor my parents are here.  These conjunctions must be used with parallel parts of speech: not only + verb + but also + verb(Yesterday it not only rained but (also) snowed).  Neither + adjective + nor + adjective(That book is neither interesting nor accurate).

5. Relationships between ideas - 1  Adverb clauses = dependent clauses (cannot stand alone in a sentence). It must be connected to an independent clause.  Summary list of words used to introduce adverb clauses ( after, before, because, since, although, while, etc) can be read on page 297, Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar, 2 nd edition.